scholarly journals The Hows and whys of philosophy of science teaching: a comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk W. de Regt ◽  
Edwin Koster
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Science Teaching ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Teaching Philosophy ◽  
Values In Science ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types

AbstractWhat makes teaching philosophy of science to non-philosophy students different from teaching it to philosophy students, and how should lecturers in philosophy adapt to an audience of practitioners of a field of study that they are reflecting on? In this paper we address this question by analyzing the differences between these student groups, and based on this analysis we make suggestions as to how philosophy of science can be taught to non-philosophy students in an effective and attractive way. Starting-point is the observation that not only the background knowledge and interests of these students but also the aims of the respective courses will differ. We present a comparative analysis of the demands and conditions for teaching philosophy of science to the different types of students, focusing on learning objectives and didactic approaches. Next, we apply our analysis to a concrete example, the role of values in science, and discuss how this may be taught to either philosophy students or non-philosophy students. Finally, we discuss an alternative format for teaching philosophy to non-philosophy students.

Comparative Analysis of Words and Pictures through Associations

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Lorand B. Szalay ◽  
Jean A. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
University Of Maryland ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Perceptual Factors ◽  
Analytic Potential

The investigations focused on a picture-stimulated continued association approach, its information value and analytic potential. Student groups ( N = 50), each composed of both sexes, were from the University of Maryland. The study involved a comparative analysis of associations produced to words and pictures. The results show that the two approaches are closely comparable but produced responses which were differently focused. While the word-stimulated responses were somewhat more generic, the picture-stimulated associations were more narrow and specific. All the measures developed previously in the context of word-stimulated associations were found to be equally applicable and informative with picture-stimulated associations as well. From a theoretical viewpoint, the investigations were informative in demonstrating the importance of perceptual semantic and affective-attitudinal factors in the association process. Corresponding words and pictures elicited closely similar response distributions with correlations in the range of .7. As the role of perceptual factors is obvious in picture-stimulated associations, the results of the study have distinct implications for association theory, underlining the importance of centrally mediated mechanisms in the process of elicitation.

Substance and Function

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Llored
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemistry ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

This paper aims to analyze the two aspects of elements, material and conceptual, in order to further understand the functional role played by elements in chemistry. First, we will refer to how Mendeleev gradually built his periodic table. Second, we will both highlight and reflect upon the functional role of elements in chemistry. In doing so, we will refer in particular to Cassirer’s philosophy of science. In conclusion, we propose that a functional approach is important for understanding current chemical practice, especially in nanochemistry and quantum chemistry. This approach also contributes to the analysis of different types of mereology that coexist in chemistry today.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Types of Cutting Devices in Surgery (Review)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Victor Aleksandrovich Stupin ◽  
Natalia Evgenievna Manturova ◽  
Aleksei Alekseevich Donskikh ◽  
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Silina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Laser Cutting ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Ultrasonic Scalpel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Skin Surgery ◽  
Choice Of Instruments ◽  
Physical Principles

The present work presents a description of various cutting devices with an emphasis on skin surgery for the optimal choice of instruments in plastic surgery. Physical principles of work with a description of the biological role of an ultrasonic scalpel, various laser cutting devices, electrosurgical instruments, including radiofrequency electrosurgery, are described. Studies of recent years, including systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, are devoted to comparative analysis of various cutting and coagulating devices among themselves and in comparison with the mechanical metal scalpel. 

Theorizing the role of executive heads in international organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hall ◽  
Ngaire Woods
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Resource ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global Agency ◽  
The Impact

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

Property Relations and Landlordism—a Realist Approach

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Allen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Different Types

Analysis of the role of concepts in urban social research is largely an undeveloped area. Justification of the adoption of particular forms of classification in studies are rarely offered and are often passed over in favour of a discussion of the more tractable areas of empirical research. In this paper the practice of conceptual analysis adopted in one sphere of urban research, landlordism and property relations, is evaluated and criticised for its unreflective mechanistic approach. Invariably, the object (landlordism) is subjected to a form of analysis which treats it as if it were analogous to an onion, from which layers may be peeled off, one after another. It is argued that this mode of analysis does not reveal the economic and social properties that constitute different types of landlordism, which, in turn, may provide the basis for an understanding of the spatial variation in the structure of the market for privately rented housing in Britain. An alternative mode of conceptual analysis, based upon the principles of a realist philosophy of science, is proposed, which has the potential to explain the structural unevenness of the rental market and the roles adopted by different groups of landlords in this market.

De cognitieve drie-eenheid: realiseren, interpreteren en abstraheren

2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Radder
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Conceptual Innovation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Causal Judgments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The article consists of three main sections, in which I successively discuss the nature and role of realization, interpretation and abstraction in experimental and observational processes. In this way, these sections address several fundamental problems in philosophy of science, ontology and epistemology, and philosophy of language. Section 1 introduces the notion of realization processes, and argues that successful realization requires causal judgments. The second section discusses the role of conceptual interpretation in experiments and observations, explains how realization and interpretation can be distinguished, and emphasizes the significance of different types and ranges of experimental and observational reproducibility. It also includes a subsection on the issue of reproducibility in contemporary social sciences and psychology. Section 3 explains how concepts are abstracted from existing realization processes, and concludes that abstraction bestows a nonlocal meaning on these extensible concepts. In addition, I discuss and criticize some rival views of abstraction and concept meaning (to wit, mentalism and localism). The article concludes with some observations on the notion of a (cognitive) trinity.In my reply, I respond to the points raised in the six commentary papers. The following issues are addressed: the place of causality in physics (Steffen Ducheyne), perception in ordinary life (Monica Meijsing), the role of reproducibility in psychology and the social sciences (Daniël Lakens, Ruud Abma), the significance and implications of conceptual innovation (Lieven Decock), and the relationship between meaning, communication and ontology (Martin Stokhof and Michiel van Lambalgen).

ANALYSIS OF LEAN MANUFACTURING FRAMEWORKS

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. ANAND ◽  
RAMBABU KODALI
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Lean Manufacturing ◽  
Complete Integration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Internal Stakeholders

In recent years, the applications of Lean Manufacturing (LM) in different types of industries are growing rapidly. Some of the organizations have reported huge benefits, while many industries have not obtained the desired results. One of the reasons for this can be attributed to improper understanding of LM by both the management and employees of an organization. Researchers worldwide have attempted to solve this issue by proposing various frameworks. A literature review on frameworks of LM revealed around 30 frameworks. A comparative analysis carried out on these frameworks has shown that these frameworks suffer from various shortcomings. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to propose a new conceptual framework for LM, which will resolve some of these limitations. The proposed framework utilizes 65 LM elements, which are categorized according to the decision levels and the role of internal stakeholders in an organization. According to the authors' knowledge, there is no LM framework in the literature, which is as comprehensive as the proposed one and which provides a complete integration of these elements into a coherent whole. However, the proposed framework is conceptual and needs to be validated.

Science

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Subrena E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Values In Science ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Scientific Objectivity ◽  
Helen Longino

Anna Morandi was the foremost anatomist in eighteenth-century Bologna. Although her work was widely recognized as exceptional by the scientists of her day, she was not granted the standing of a scientist. In this chapter, the author uses Morandi as a case study to illuminate aspects of the philosophy of science. In particular, the chapter addresses conceptions of scientific objectivity and the role of social values in science, drawing on the work of Helen Longino. In addition to the phenomena described by Longino, the author argues that social values enter into science and impact scientific research by determining how individuals are positioned in scientific communities, or excluded from them.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Religious Education in Europe and Educational Guidelines in the Framework of Interreligious dialogue and a Culture of Peace

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Luis Del Espino Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Of Peace ◽  
Globalized World

AbstractThe phenomenon of migration that typifies a globalized world has created a society characterized by cultural and religious diversity. This has led to different types of conflict. States cannot disregard the current situation, and so intercultural strategies that encourage interreligious dialogue aimed at building a culture of peace must be part of educational curricula. This article analyses the religious education implemented in most European states so that using this material as a starting point, educational guidelines and strategies can be developed to make religious education into a subject that can contribute to the welfare of all human beings in a globalized world, valuing cultural diversity and social equality.

scholarly journals Definitional verbal patterns for semantic relation extraction

Terminology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Sierra ◽  
Rodrigo Alarcón ◽  
César Aguilar ◽  
Carme Bach
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Machine Readable

In this paper we present a description of the role of definitional verbal patterns for the extraction of semantic relations. Several studies show that semantic relations can be extracted from analytic definitions contained in machine-readable dictionaries (MRDs). In addition, definitions found in specialised texts are a good starting point to search for different types of definitions where other semantic relations occur. The extraction of definitional knowledge from specialised corpora represents another interesting approach for the extraction of semantic relations. Here, we present a descriptive analysis of definitional verbal patterns in Spanish and the first steps towards the development of a system for the automatic extraction of definitional knowledge.

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