scholarly journals Hygroscopic larval provisions of bees absorb soil water vapor and release liquefied nutrients

Apidologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Cane ◽  
Byron G. Love
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Hygroscopic Nature ◽  
Remarkable Result ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Ground Nesting

AbstractLarvae of most bee species consume individual provision masses composed of pollen mixed with nectar. For simple metabolic reasons, mature larvae should weigh less than their consumed provision. However, past research reported a remarkable result: mature larvae of three ground-nesting halictid bees weighed 60% more than their original provision masses. This surprising paradox could result from the expected hygroscopic nature of nectar. Sugar solutions absorb water vapor at rates defined by their osmolarity and ambient humidity. Our experiments tested this hypothesis, showing that larval provisions of a ground-nesting bee, Nomia melanderi, are strongly hygroscopic. They consequently absorbed substantial water vapor from this bee’s preferred nesting soil. Mature larvae weighed 65% more than their original provision because hygroscopy had greatly augmented available dietary water. Liquid accumulating around isolated provisions was a sweet nutritious broth that included amino acids leached from the pollen. Hygroscopy was most intense during the egg and early larval stages. However, provision liquefaction (and possible drowning) was partly offset by rapid hydration of cached pollen, whose weight could double after absorbing free water. Larval provisions of two cavity-nesting Osmia species also readily absorbed water vapor from a soil atmosphere. However, at humidities measured within tunnels of their natural deadwood nesting substrates, they gained little weight via hygroscopy. Consequently, their mature larvae weighed less, not more, than the provision that they ate. These new insights explain some nesting traits shared by many ground-nesting bees, such as why females do not waterproof the earthen cell caps of their nest cells, or why many colletids cache liquid provisions. Progressive hygroscopy and resulting sugar dilution may also mediate succession of microbial mutualists and pathogens in provision masses of ground-nesting bees.

scholarly journals Genetic variation of dietary restriction and the effects of nutrient-free water and amino acid supplements on lifespan and fecundity of Drosophila

2011 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH B. DICK ◽  
CHELSEA R. ROSS ◽  
LEV Y. YAMPOLSKY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Specific Mortality

SummaryWe measure genetic variation in lifespan and fecundity at two food levels in 34 core lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel collection. Lines were significantly different from each other in lifespan and fecundity at both restricted and full food. There was a strong food-by-line interaction for the slope of age-specific mortality, fecundity and proportion of fertilized eggs, indicating the presence of genetic variation for the strength of the dietary restriction effect, likely to represent standing genetic variation in a natural population from which the lines used have originated. No trade-off between fecundity and lifespan manifested in life-history variation among inbred lines. Our data partially corroborate the recent proposition that availability of nutrient-free water eliminates the apparent dietary restriction at least in some conditions. Although flies on full food with water added had lifespan slightly higher than those without a water source, it was still significantly lower than that in flies on restricted food, with no indication of interaction. We fully corroborate the recently discovered effect of addition of essential amino acids to the medium: addition of 1·5 mM methionine to restricted food significantly increased fecundity without a measurable decrease in lifespan; addition of each of 10 essential amino acids increased fecundity and decreased females lifespan to the levels observed on full food, again with no evidence of line-by-food interactions. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis explaining the observed data, based on the assumption that food consumption by flies is adjusted according to flies’ saturation in water and methionine.

Further experiments on the value of dissolved organic matter as food for Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora)

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Southward ◽  
Eve C. Southward ◽  
T. Brattegard ◽  
T. Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Volatile Organic Acids ◽  
Almost All

Adult and larval stages of Siboglinum fiordicum, collected from 32 to 35 m depth, accumulate measurable quantities of amino acids and glucose from low concentrations. The amino acids are absorbed against a considerable gradient. The glucose and the amino acids are metabolized in the tissues and substantial amounts are respired to give carbon dioxide or volatile organic acids. Under the experimental conditions almost all the metabolism follows aerobic pathways.

Amino Acids at Water−Vapor Interfaces: Surface Activity and Orientational Ordering

2010 ◽  
Vol 114 (40) ◽  
pp. 13005-13010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez ◽  
Alejandro Toro-Labbé
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Orientational Ordering

Effects of lipid enrichment of Artemia nauplii for feeding of spiny lebbeid shrimp, Lebbeus groenlandicus (Fabricius, 1775), zoea larvae

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1134
Author(s):  
Kie-Young Park ◽  
Heum-Gi Park ◽  
Woo-Suck Hong ◽  
O-Nam Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Lipid Enrichment ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Positive Effect

This study was conducted to determine the optimum feed selection for the spiny lebbeid shrimp, Lebbeus groenlandicus, from zoea to megalopa larva. To the shrimp zoeae, untreated hatching Artemia meta-nauplii, or either of two kinds of enriched Artemia, were supplied as feed daily, in a concentration of 3 individuals/ml. Throughout the experimental trials, 17.6-18.1 days elapsed until reaching the megalopa larval stage. In the starving trials, no mortality was observed; the mortality values observed in the experimental trials, between 4.8 and 9.5% were considered low and not significantly different (). Neither fatty nor amino acids varied significantly in the zoea I and II stages in either the feeding or starving trials. Highly unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids were significantly lower in the megalopa stage in the starving group, compared with the feeding groups (). Therefore, feeding was proven not to have any effect in the zoea I and II larval stages. However, for the megalopa larval stage, a feed containing supplementary amino acids and fatty acids evoked a positive effect.

Redox characteristics of amino acids using low pressure water vapor RF plasma

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Akiyoshi ◽  
A Nakahigashi ◽  
N Hayashi ◽  
S Kitazaki ◽  
T Iwao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Pressure Water

A Unique Satellite Perspective of the 13–14 January 2004 Record Cold Outbreak in the Northeast

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ackerman ◽  
A. S. Bachmeier ◽  
K. Strabala ◽  
M. Gunshor
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Vapor Channel ◽  
Saint Lawrence River ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Water Values

Abstract A cold, dry arctic air mass occupied southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States on 13–14 January 2004. This air mass was quite dry—total column precipitable water values at Pickle Lake, Ontario, Canada, and The Pas, Manitoba, Canada, were as low as 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)—allowing significant amounts of radiation originating from the surface to be detected using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 6.5-μm “water vapor channel” imagery. On this day the strong thermal gradient between the very cold snow-covered land surface in southern Canada and the warmer, unfrozen, cloud-free water along the northern portion of the Great Lakes was quite evident in GOES-12 imager water vapor channel data. Several hours later, as the cold dry air mass moved eastward, the coast of Maine, Cape Cod, and the Saint Lawrence River were also apparent in the water vapor channel imagery.

The Effects of a Dialysis Solution with a Combination of Glycerol/Amino Acids/Dextrose on the Peritoneal Membrane in Chronic Renal Failure

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijke de Graaff ◽  
Agnes H. Zegwaard ◽  
Machteld M. Zweers ◽  
Anniek Vlijm ◽  
Dirk R. de Waart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Vessel Density ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Osmotic Agents

BackgroundLong-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) with conventional glucose based, lactate-buffered PD fluids may lead to morphological and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane. It was hypothesized that long-term exposure to a different buffer and a mixture of osmotic agents would cause less peritoneal abnormality.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of long-term exposure to a bicarbonate/lactate-buffered dialysis solution with a mixture of osmotic agents: glycerol 1.4%, amino acids 0.5%, and dextrose 1.1% (= 1% glucose) (GLAD) in a rat model with chronic kidney failure.MethodsAll rats underwent a peritoneal catheter implantation and a 70% nephrectomy. Thereafter, the rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: GLAD, 3.86% Dianeal (Baxter, Nivelles, Belgium), and buffer (Physioneal without glucose, Baxter). All rats were infused daily for 16 weeks with the appropriate PD fluid. Afterwards, a peritoneal permeability analysis (SPARa) was performed using 3.86% Physioneal in all groups. After the SPARa, the rats were sacrificed to obtain tissue samples for morphometric determinations. Omental tissue was stained with picro Sirius red for assessment of fibrosis and with CD31 for vessel density.ResultsGLAD and Dianeal showed faster small solute transport compared to the hypotonic buffer. No differences between the groups were present in ultrafiltration. Dianeal had the lowest value for free water transport and the highest protein clearances. Total triglyceride in plasma was not different between GLAD and the buffer. Vessel density after GLAD exposure (20 V/F) was very similar to the value found for the buffer solution (17 V/F); Dianeal caused a significantly higher value (35 V/F, p < 0.01). Also, the amount of fibrosis was higher in the Dianeal-exposed rats ( p < 0.01).ConclusionBoth hypertonic dialysis solutions increased peritoneal solute transport. GLAD exposure was associated with the best preservation of peritoneal morphology. The results of GLAD were very similar to those of the bicarbonate/lactate-buffered solution without osmotic agents. Studies in humans are needed for further assessment of GLAD.

Nest Microclimate, Water-Vapor Conductance, and Water Loss in Heron and Tern Eggs

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Masters Vleck ◽  
David Vleck ◽  
Hermann Rahn ◽  
Charles V. Paganelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Humidity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nest Microclimate ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Ground Nesting

Abstract Rates of water loss (ṀH2O) were measured in eggs of seven species of tree-nesting Ciconiiformes and three species of ground-nesting Charadriiformes during natural incubation. Measurements of egg temperature, conductance of the egg shell to water vapor, and nest and ambient humidity allow one to calculate the difference in water-vapor pressure (ΔP) between egg and nest and between nest and ambient air. ΔP between egg and nest was significantly lower in ground-nesting species (23 torr) than in tree-nesting species (31 torr). We suggest that low ΔP in ground-nesting species was due to relatively high humidity (ca. 27 torr) in nests built on the ground compared to the humidity in loose stick nests of tree-nesting species (ca. 14 torr). Water-vapor conductance of eggs from more humid nests is relatively higher than that of eggs from less humid nests (107% and 78% of predicted values, respectively), resulting in similar fractional losses in mass for the whole incubation period in both groups of birds. (ṀH2O) was not always constant throughout incubation. We suggest that changes in (ṀH2O) may be due to changes in ambient humidity and/or egg temperature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document