Giardia-Host Interactions In Vitro: 2015–2020 Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Rosito Tonelli ◽  
Juliana Bizarri Souza ◽  
Katherine Tsantarlis ◽  
Elisandra Renata Montoia ◽  
Iasmin Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Host Interactions

Plasmodium knowlesi: a relevant, versatile experimental malaria model

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICA M. PASINI ◽  
ANNE-MARIE ZEEMAN ◽  
ANNEMARIE VOORBERG-VAN DER WEL ◽  
CLEMENS H. M. KOCKEN
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Malaria Model ◽  
Human Primate

SUMMARYThe primate malariaPlasmodium knowlesihas a long-standing history as an experimental malaria model. Studies using this model parasite in combination with its various natural and experimental non-human primate hosts have led to important advances in vaccine development and in our understanding of malaria invasion, immunology and parasite–host interactions. The adaptation to long-termin vitrocontinuous blood stage culture in rhesus monkey,Macaca fascicularisand human red blood cells, as well as the development of various transfection methodologies has resulted in a highly versatile experimental malaria model, further increasing the potential of what was already a very powerful model. The growing evidence thatP. knowlesiis an important human zoonosis in South-East Asia has added relevance to former and future studies of this parasite species.

scholarly journals Functional Analyses of Bovine Foamy Virus-Encoded miRNAs Reveal the Importance of a Defined miRNA for Virus Replication and Host–Virus Interaction

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Wenhu Cao ◽  
Erik Stricker ◽  
Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt ◽  
Anke Heit-Mondrzyk ◽  
Georgios Pougialis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Rna Polymerase Iii ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
Bovine Foamy Virus ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Efficient Replication ◽  
Control Virus

In addition to regulatory or accessory proteins, some complex retroviruses gain a repertoire of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) to regulate and control virus–host interactions for efficient replication and spread. In particular, bovine and simian foamy viruses (BFV and SFV) have recently been shown to express a diverse set of RNA polymerase III-directed miRNAs, some with a unique primary miRNA double-hairpin, dumbbell-shaped structure not known in other viruses or organisms. While the mechanisms of expression and structural requirements have been studied, the functional importance of these miRNAs is still far from understood. Here, we describe the in silico identification of BFV miRNA targets and the subsequent experimental validation of bovine Ankyrin Repeat Domain 17 (ANKRD17) and Bax-interacting factor 1 (Bif1) target genes in vitro and, finally, the suppression of ANKRD17 downstream genes in the affected pathway. Deletion of the entire miRNA cassette in the non-coding part of the U3 region of the long terminal repeats attenuated replication of corresponding BFV mutants in bovine cells. This repression can be almost completely trans-complemented by the most abundant miRNA BF2-5p having the best scores for predicted and validated BFV miRNA target genes. Deletion of the miRNA cassette does not grossly affect particle release and overall particle composition.

scholarly journals Good and Bad Neighbourhoods in Viral Sequence Space: Predicting, Altering, Targeting Virus Populations

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Marco Vignuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Space ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Host Interactions

All viruses, but especially RNA viruses, generate tremendous diversity in genome composition, including point mutations, duplications, deletions, and insertions. We used in vitro and in vivo models to perform natural and directed experimental evolution. We then combined the resulting data with mathematical modelling to determine how virus populations occupy sequence space—a multidimensional hypercube that describes all combinations of nucleotide, codon, or amino acid sequences. In this study, we demonstrate how these experimental and computational approaches can help monitor, predict, alter, and even target virus evolution and population dynamics, creating new ways to study virus–host interactions and to innovate antiviral approaches. Using arboviruses, enteroviruses, and influenza, we recreate and predict host jumps and emergence events in the lab, redirect evolution towards the ‘bad’ neighbourhoods of sequence space that represent attenuation, and poison the viral population by disturbing the balance between good and bad genomes.

scholarly journals Tropism and Infectivity of a Seasonal A(H1N1) and a Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N1) Influenza Virus in Primary Differentiated Ferret Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zeng ◽  
Cynthia S. Goldsmith ◽  
Amrita Kumar ◽  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Xiangjie Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Culture Model

ABSTRACTFerrets represent an invaluable animal model to study influenza virus pathogenesis and transmission. To further characterize this model, we developed a differentiated primary ferret nasal epithelial cell (FNEC) culture model for investigation of influenza A virus infection and virus-host interactions. This well-differentiated culture consists of various cell types, a mucociliary clearance system, and tight junctions, representing the nasal ciliated pseudostratified respiratory epithelium. Both α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptors, which preferentially bind the hemagglutinin (HA) of human and avian influenza viruses, respectively, were detected on the apical surface of the culture with different cellular tropisms. In accordance with the distribution of SA receptors, we observed that a pre-2009 seasonal A(H1N1) virus infected both ciliated and nonciliated cells, whereas a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus primarily infected nonciliated cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that virions were released from or associated with the apical membranes of ciliated, nonciliated, and mucin-secretory goblet cells. Upon infection, the HPAI A(H5N1) virus replicated to titers higher than those of the human A(H1N1) virus at 37°C; however, replication of the A(H5N1) virus was significantly attenuated at 33°C. Furthermore, we found that infection with the A(H5N1) virus induced higher expression levels of immune mediator genes and resulted in more cell damage/loss than with the human A(H1N1) virus. This primary differentiated FNEC culture model, recapitulating the structure of the nasal epithelium, provides a useful model to bridgein vivoandin vitrostudies of cellular tropism, infectivity, and pathogenesis of influenza viruses during the initial stages of infection.IMPORTANCEAlthough ferrets serve as an important model of influenza virus infection, much remains unknown about virus-host interactions in this species at the cellular level. The development of differentiated primary cultures of ferret nasal epithelial cells is an important step toward understanding cellular tropism and the mechanisms of influenza virus infection and replication in the airway milieu of this model. Using lectin staining and microscopy techniques, we characterized the sialic acid receptor distribution and the cellular composition of the culture model. We then evaluated the replication of and immune response to human and avian influenza viruses at relevant physiological temperatures. Our findings offer significant insight into this first line of defense against influenza virus infection and provide a model for the evaluation of emerging influenza viruses in a well-controlledin vitroenvironmental setting.

scholarly journals Apicomplexan co-infections impair with phagocytic activity in avian macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 4159-4168
Author(s):  
Runhui Zhang ◽  
Wanpeng Zheng ◽  
Arwid Daugschies ◽  
Berit Bangoura
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractMixed infections of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella are likely to occur frequently due to the high prevalence of both pathogens in free-ranging chickens. In this study, we investigated the co-occurrence of the two parasites in the same immune-competent host cell towards altered patterns of parasite-host interactions. Chicken blood monocyte–derived macrophages were co-infected with T. gondii RH tachyzoites and E. tenella Houghton sporozoites in vitro for 24 h. Through monitoring the uptake of pH-sensitive pHrodo™ Zymosan BioParticles (“Zymosan”) by macrophages, we created a three-dimensional model and to analyze quantitatively phagocytosis using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Assessments of parasite populations were performed by qPCR at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi). At 6 hpi, phagocytosis was inhibited in the E. tenella–infected cultures while no inhibition of phagocytosis was observed due to T. gondii. Phagocytosis activity revealed more complex interactions during co-infection. At 12 and 24 hpi, phagocytosis response to “Zymosan” was distinctly weaker in co-infected cells than in all other groups except for cells mono-infected with high doses of E. tenella at 24 hpi. By qPCR, significantly reduced numbers of both intracellular parasites were recorded (10-fold) in all infected groups at 2 hpi. At 12 hpi, the T. gondii population reached lowest values but dramatically increased by 24 hpi. Our data confirm that macrophage phagocytosis is involved in the control of invasion by apicomplexan parasites in chicken which particularly applies to E. tenella infection and it was able to be altered by the co-existing parasites.

scholarly journals Alternative attachment factors and internalization pathways for GIII.2 bovine noroviruses

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1398-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Mauroy ◽  
Laurent Gillet ◽  
Elisabeth Mathijs ◽  
Alain Vanderplasschen ◽  
Etienne Thiry
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Sodium Periodate ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Bovine Kidney ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Bovine Cell ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes have been described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury2 strains have been classified into genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus–host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, α-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalization by Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. The data increase the knowledge on bovine norovirus cell interactions.

scholarly journals Bifidobacteria-Host Interactions—An Update on Colonisation Factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Grimm ◽  
Christina Westermann ◽  
Christian U. Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Human Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Bacterial Groups

Bifidobacteria are one of the predominant bacterial groups of the human intestinal microbiota and have important functional properties making them interesting for the food and dairy industries. Numerousin vitroand preclinical studies have shown beneficial effects of particular bifidobacterial strains or strain combinations on various health parameters of their hosts. This indicates the potential of bifidobacteria in alternative or supplementary therapeutic approaches in a number of diseased states. Based on these observations, bifidobacteria have attracted considerable interest by the food, dairy, and pharmaceutical industries and they are widely used as so-called probiotics. As a consequence of the rapidly increasing number of available bifidobacterial genome sequences and their analysis, there has been substantial progress in the identification of bifidobacterial structures involved in colonisation of and interaction with the host. With the present review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which bifidobacteria colonise their hosts and exert health promoting effects.

scholarly journals Hypermutation of an Ancient Human Retrovirus by APOBEC3G

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (17) ◽  
pp. 8762-8770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Nam Lee ◽  
Michael H. Malim ◽  
Paul D. Bieniasz
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Cytidine Deaminase ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Apobec3 Proteins ◽  
Retroviral Infections

ABSTRACT Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise approximately 8% of the human genome, but all are remnants of ancient retroviral infections and harbor inactivating mutations that render them replication defective. Nevertheless, as viral “fossils,” HERVs may provide insights into ancient retrovirus-host interactions and their evolution. Indeed, one endogenous retrovirus [HERV-K(HML-2)], which has replicated in humans for the past few million years but is now thought to be extinct, was recently reconstituted in a functional form, and infection assays based on it have been established. Here, we show that several human APOBEC3 proteins are intrinsically capable of mutating and inhibiting infection by HERV-K(HML-2) in cell culture. We also present striking evidence that two HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses that are fixed in the modern human genome (HERV-K60 and HERV-KI) were subjected to hypermutation by a cytidine deaminase. Inspection of the spectrum of mutations that are found in HERV-K proviruses in the human genome and HERV-K DNA generated during in vitro replication in the presence of each of the human APOBEC3 proteins unequivocally identifies APOBEC3G as the cytidine deaminase responsible for hypermutation of HERV-K60 and HERV-KI. This is a rare example of the antiretroviral effects of APOBEC3G in the setting of natural human infection, whose consequences have been fossilized in human DNA, and a striking example of inactivation of ancient retroviruses in humans through enzymatic cytidine deamination.

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