Effect of Social Groups on Crowd Movement in Mass Religious Gatherings: A Case Study of Kumbh Mela

This article attempts to capture gender bias in education expenditure among the religious (Hindu, Muslim and others) and the social groups (SC, ST and General) in West Bengal. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition technique is used to obtain gender bias for a specific demographic group. Further, an attempt has been made to identify the religious or social groups with the acute problem of gender bias. In this work, 71st round (January–June 2014) education expenditure data (individual level) provided by NSSO (National Sample Survey Office) is used. JEL: I24, R1, C55

Download Full-text

The Interpretation of Archaeological Floor Assemblages: A Case Study from the American Southwest

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/2694111 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 617-634 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Michael W. Diehl

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

American Southwest ◽

Formation Processes ◽

Functional Differences

Analyses of the assemblages from the floors of Upland Mogollon pithouses show that variation in artifact frequencies may be attributed to differences in the intensity of abandonment and post-abandonment formation processes, such as caching, scavenging and trash dumping. The proportion of pithouses that contain caches or de facto assemblages is provocatively constant across sites—roughly 18 percent. This observation may be useful for refining estimates of the populations of sites or regions, for recognizing the size of social groups, or for identifying the abandonment sequences of pithouse villages. Prior studies that attribute variation in the frequencies of different classes of artifacts to functional differences in the uses of pithouses are rejected on the grounds of methodological inadequacy.

Download Full-text

Whose Rights to Citizenship? Expressions and Variations of Palestinian Mandate Citizenship, 1926–1935

The Invention of Palestinian Citizenship, 1918-1947 ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415507.003.0006 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Lauren Banko

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Social Groups ◽

Civic Identity ◽

Active Engagement ◽

Citizenship Status ◽

The Press ◽

Palestinian Arab ◽

Bundle Of Rights ◽

Political Actions

By the latter half of the 1920s and the early 1930s, British and Arab misunderstandings of each other's intentions with respect to identity and citizenship status encouraged even stronger claims by the Arabs to the bundle of rights that they felt entitled to in accordance with their own particular understandings of nationality and citizenship. This chapter ties the discussions of citizenship that circulated in the territory from 1918 through the mid-1930s to the projects of belonging that the nationalists, populists, and the Arabic press attended to and actively worked towards. The active engagement of the press and social groups in political actions with the aim of changing mandate institutions fostered a new vocabulary of rights, political, and civic identity and citizenship belonging in the years just before the start of the Palestine Revolt in 1936. The chapter frames certain discourses on citizenship and national identity as more dominant and others as more subaltern during the latter half of the 1920s and 1930s. The chapter includes a case study of the Palestinian Arab Istiqlal (Independence) Party, whose policies aimed to redefine citizenship and access to rights under the mandate.

Download Full-text

Water Retention in Nature-Based Solutions—Assessment of Potential Economic Effects for Local Social Groups

Water ◽

10.3390/w12123347 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3347

Author(s):

Zwoździak Jerzy ◽

Szałata Łukasz ◽

Zwoździak Anna ◽

Kwiecińska Kornelia ◽

Byelyayev Maksym

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Retention ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Social Groups ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Operating Costs ◽

Current State ◽

The Impact

The upcoming trends related to climate change are increasing the level of interest of social groups in solutions for the implementation and the realization of activities that will ensure the change of these trends and can reduce the impact on the environment, including the health of the community exposed to these impacts. The implementation of solutions aimed at improving the quality of the environment requires taking into account not only the environmental aspects but also the economic aspect. Taking into account the analysis of solutions changing the current state of climate change, the article focuses on the analysis of the potential economic effect caused by the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBSs) in terms of reducing the operating costs related to water retention for local social groups. The analysis is based on a case study, one of the research projects studying nature-based solutions, created as part of the Grow Green project (H2020) in Wrocław in 2017–2022. The results of the analysis are an observed potential positive change in economic effects, i.e., approximately 85.90% of the operating costs related to water retention have been reduced for local social groups by NBSs.

Download Full-text

The Agency of the Displaced? Roman Expansion, Environmental Forces, and the Occupation of Marginal Landscapes in Ancient Italy

Humanities ◽

10.3390/h7040116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisa Perego ◽

Rafael Scopacasa

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Environmental Context ◽

Key Players ◽

Displaced People ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Material Evidence

This article approaches the agency of displaced people through material evidence from the distant past. It seeks to construct a narrative of displacement where the key players include human as well as non-human agents—namely, the environment into which people move, and the socio-political and environmental context of displacement. Our case-study from ancient Italy involves potentially marginalized people who moved into agriculturally challenging lands in Daunia (one of the most drought-prone areas of the Mediterranean) during the Roman conquest (late fourth-early second centuries BCE). We discuss how the interplay between socio-political and environmental forces may have shaped the agency of subaltern social groups on the move, and the outcomes of this process. Ultimately, this analysis can contribute towards a framework for the archaeological study of marginality and mobility/displacement—while addressing potential limitations in evidence and methods.

Download Full-text

Decision trees in environmental justice research — a case study on the floods of 2001 and 2010 in Hungary

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2019-0079 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1025-1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gyula Nagy ◽

György Vida ◽

Lajos Boros ◽

Danijela Ćirić

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Decision Tree ◽

Environmental Justice ◽

Social Groups ◽

Principal Component ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Main Factors ◽

Decision Tree Method ◽

Tree Method

Abstract Environmental justice is a normative framework for the analysis of environmental impacts on the wellbeing of individuals and social groups. According to the framework, the deprived social groups and ethnic minorities are often more exposed to environmental risks and hazards due to their disadvantaged situation, and due to the lack of representation and political power. To manage the impacts of injustices and to include the citizen in the decision-making processes, proper information is needed on local attitudes and decision-making processes. Therefore, this study sought to (i) identify the main factors shaping the attitudes towards environmental injustices and (ii) to analyse the attitudes and perception of the various social groups and (iii) to identify the main factors which are shaping the attitudes and actions of those who were affected by the floods of 2001 and 2010 through the use of decision tree method. The data for the predictive model was acquired from a questionnaire survey conducted in two disadvantaged and flood-hit Hungarian regions. Based on the survey data, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted, which resulted in three principal components; fear, social change, and change in the built environment. The study focused only on the elements of the “fear principal component”, due to the decision tree tool homogenous groups identified in relation to this component. Our analysis showed that ethnicity has a determinative role in the emergence and the level of fear from floods; the Roma respondents expressed a significantly higher level of fear than others.

Download Full-text

Revolutionary Homophobia: Explaining State Repression against Sexual Minorities

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123418000480 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1459-1480 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joshua Tschantret

Keyword(s):

Sexual Minorities ◽

Social Groups ◽

Original Data ◽

State Repression ◽

Bisexual And Transgender ◽

Strategic Incentives ◽

Lgbt People ◽

Domestic Instability ◽

The Relationship

AbstractWhy do unthreatening social groups become targets of state repression? Repression of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people is especially puzzling since sexual minorities, unlike many ethnic minorities, pose no credible violent challenge to the state. This article contends that revolutionary governments are disproportionately oppressive toward sexual minorities for strategic and ideological reasons. Since revolutions create domestic instability, revolutionaries face unique strategic incentives to target ‘unreliable’ groups and to demonstrate an ability to selectively punish potential dissidents by identifying and punishing ‘invisible’ groups. Moreover, revolutionary governments are frequently helmed by elites with exclusionary ideologies – such as communism, fascism and Islamism – which represent collectivities rather than individuals. Elites adhering to these views are thus likely to perceive sexual minorities as liberal, individualistic threats to their collectivist projects. Statistical analysis using original data on homophobic repression demonstrates that revolutionary governments are more likely to target LGBT individuals, and that this effect is driven by exclusionary ideologues. Case study evidence from Cuba further indicates that the posited strategic and ideological mechanisms mediate the relationship between revolutionary government and homophobic repression.

Download Full-text

Social Capital as Network Capital: Looking at the Role of Social Networks among Not-For-Profits

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.1419 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 39-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christina Prell

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Social Networks ◽

Social Groups ◽

Network Approach ◽

Building Trust ◽

The Social ◽

Social Network Approach ◽

Unique Context

Social capital's rise in popularity is a phenomenon many have noted (Kadushin, 2006; Warde and Tampubolon, 2002; Portes, 1998). Although the concept is a relatively old one, it is the works of Bourdieu (1986), Coleman (1988; 1990), and Putnam (1993, 2000) that often get credited for popularizing the concept. These three, while sharing a view that social networks are important for social groups and society, place differing levels of emphasis on the role of networks in building trust or the exchange of various types of resources. In this paper, I briefly revisit these three theorists, and the criticisms each have received, to provide background for discussing recent research on social capital from a social networks approach. The social network approach is then applied to my own case study looking at the relations among not-for-profits, and special attention is given to the unique context of not-for-profits, and how this context might elaborate or challenge current thoughts on social, aka ‘network’ capital. A final discussion is also given to some measurement problems with the network approach to social capital.

Download Full-text

Artificial Cranial Deformation at the Omo M10 Site: A Tiwanaku Complex from the Moquegua Valley, Peru

Latin American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/972149 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 145-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Lisa M. Hoshower ◽

Jane E. Buikstra ◽

Paul S. Goldstein ◽

Ann D. Webster

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Skeletal Remains ◽

Skull Shape ◽

Southern Peru ◽

Site Group ◽

Late Horizon ◽

Competing Models ◽

Moquegua Valley ◽

Skeletal Collections

Artificial cranial deformation is a recognized attribute of many archaeologically recovered Andean skeletal collections. Ethnohistoric sources document the diversity of forms used to mark both vertical and horizontal status distinctions among Late Horizon peoples. Region-specific social groups were characterized by distinctive deformation styles, as were individuals of Inka heritage. Review of early Spanish accounts and consideration of various strategies commonly used in analyzing deformation forms suggest that investigators be sensitive to both final skull shape and the nature of deforming devices. This case study maintains that detailed descriptions of skull form will permit interpretations of technique and apparatus used, without the actual deforming artifacts. We examined archaeologically recovered skeletal remains from Huaracane-phase, Tiwanaku-related Chen Chen-phase (Tiwanaku V), and Tumilaca-phase cemetery components of the Omo site group, located near the present-day town of Moquegua in southern Peru. Our analysis demonstrates that the pattern of cranial deformation within the Omo M10 cemetery complex clearly emphasizes homogeneity within individual cemeteries and heterogeneity across cemeteries. We enlist current competing models for Tiwanaku hegemony to interpret this pattern.

Download Full-text