Victim-Offender Overlap in Violent Crime: Targeting Crime Harm in a Canadian Suburb

Abstract Research Question To what extent are victims of violent crime also offenders, and vice versa, with what concentrations of total crime harm across each person who has ever been reported as both a victim and an offender within the study period? Data We analyse 27,233 unique individuals who were the subject of violent crime reports to the Peel Regional Police Service in Canada, either as offenders, victims, or both, for crimes reported between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016. Each individual linked to a violent crime in this period was tracked for the 730 days subsequent to the first crime report naming them. Methods We coded each crime with the Canadian Crime Severity Index (CCSI) to calculate victimization and offending harm totals across all incidents for each individual. We then computed each individual’s ratio of total CCSI from victimization to total CCSI from victimization. Based on the distribution of these ratios of CCSI from all offending to all victimization, we show how police can distinguish three categories of victim-offenders (VOs): predominant victims (PVs), predominant offenders (POs), and balanced victim-offenders (BVOs), as well as the single-category absolute offenders (AOs) and absolute victims (AVs). Findings Across all 27,233 individuals tracked, 17,138 (64%) appeared first as victims, and 10,095 (36%) appeared first as suspects. Of those appearing first as victims, 997 (6%) are linked to a violent crime as an offender within 730 days. Among those appearing first as offenders, 1019 (10%) are subsequently reported as victimized within 730 days. The total of this combined group (VOs) = 1665 individuals (6% of the entire population). Using a 3.5:1 ratio of victim to offender harm, we subdivide the 1665 VOs further into 322 predominant victims, 280 predominant offenders, and 1063 balanced victim-offenders. The 20% of individuals (n = 5455) with highest harm are linked to 71% of overall harm. On average, predominant offenders (who have also been victimized) are associated with 2.7 times as much harm as absolute offenders, and predominant victims (who have also been offenders) have three times as much harm as absolute victims. Conclusions This research shows how combining records of victimization and offending to target higher harm levels with greater potential benefits for police investments in harm reduction and prevention.

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THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION’S APPROACH TO ENERGY SECURITY IN POLAND AND THE BALTIC STATES

Politika nacionalne bezbednosti ◽

10.22182/pnb.1812020.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽

pp. 33-67

Author(s):

Olga Stevanovic

Keyword(s):

Energy Security ◽

Research Question ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Baltic States ◽

Realist Theory ◽

Main Research ◽

Security Challenges ◽

The Us ◽

The Subject ◽

The Baltic

The subject of this paper encompasses US policy towards Poland and the Baltic States regarding energy security during Donald Trump’s presidency. It is discernible that vast domestic energy resources have created an opportunity for the US to project more power to these countries, and the surrounding region. We argue that Trump and his administration’s perceptions have served as an intervening variable in that opportunity assessment, in accordance with the neoclassical realist theory. The main research question addressed in this paper is whether US has used that opportunity to contribute to energy security in countries it has traditionally deemed as allies. Two aspects of US approach to energy security of the designated countries are taken into consideration: liquified natural gas exports and support for the Three Seas Initiative. The way Trump presented his policy and its results in his public statements has also been considered in this paper. The article will proceed as follows. The first subsection of the paper represents a summary of energy security challenges in Poland and the Baltic States. The second subsection is dedicated to the opportunity for the US to project energy power and to Trump’s perceptions relevant for the opportunity assessment. The third subsection deals with American LNG exports to these countries as a possible way for contributing to energy security in Poland and the Baltic States. The last part of the paper addresses the Three Seas Initiative and US approach to this platform.

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The potential impacts of community drug checking within the overdose crisis: qualitative study exploring the perspective of prospective service users

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11243-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bruce Wallace ◽

Thea van Roode ◽

Flora Pagan ◽

Dennis Hore ◽

Bernadette Pauly

Keyword(s):

Harm Reduction ◽

Drug Market ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Service Users ◽

Socioecological Model ◽

Individual Level ◽

Universal Approach ◽

Drug Checking ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background As drug checking becomes more integrated within public health responses to the overdose crisis, and potentially more institutionalized, there is value in critically questioning the impacts of drug checking as a harm reduction response. Methods As part of a pilot project to implement community drug checking in Victoria, BC, Canada, in-depth interviews (N = 27) were held with people who use or have used substances, family or friends of people who use substances, and/or people who make or distribute substances. Critical harm reduction and social justice perspectives and a socioecological model guided our analysis to understand the potential role of drug checking within the overdose crisis, from the perspective of prospective service users. Results Participants provided insight into who might benefit from community drug checking and potential benefits. They indicated drug checking addresses a “shared need” that could benefit people who use substances, people who care for people who use substances, and people who sell substances. Using a socioecological model, we identified four overarching themes corresponding to benefits at each level: “drug checking to improve health and wellbeing of people who use substances”, “drug checking to increase quality control in an unregulated market”, “drug checking to create healthier environments”, and “drug checking to mediate policies around substance use”. Conclusions Drug checking requires a universal approach to meet the needs of diverse populations who use substances, and must not be focused on abstinence based outcomes. As a harm reduction response, community drug checking has potential impacts beyond the individual level. These include increasing power and accountability within the illicit drug market, improving the health of communities, supporting safer supply initiatives and regulation of substances, and mitigating harms of criminalization. Evaluation of drug checking should consider potential impacts that extend beyond individual behaviour change and recognize lived realities and structural conditions.

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Nauczyciel w czasie edukacji zdalnej w polskich tygodnikach opinii. Analiza dyskursu

10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2021-2.3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-74

Author(s):

Justyna Dobrołowicz

Keyword(s):

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Research Question ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Specific Power ◽

Remote Work ◽

Sociological Perspective ◽

The Press ◽

The World ◽

Communication Activity ◽

The Subject

The aim of the research presented in this article is to identify the ways in which theopinion-forming press presents teachers and their remote work with students. I assume thatby constructing press statements: mentioning or concealing certain topics, using specificlinguistic forms – journalists influence what readers think about Polish teachers, how theyevaluate their attitude to work and its effects. The problems raised in the research fall withinthe field of pedeutology – a pedagogical subdiscipline examining the teaching profession.Pedeutology helps to understand the specificity of a teacher’s work, analyses its determinants,creates models of professional competences. I have made the subject of my research thepress discourse understood as a communication activity, as a result of which we learn tothink about the world in a certain way. Although the concept of discourse is currently a usefuland popular research category, it still causes many definition difficulties. I am closest tothe sociological perspective of understanding discourse, according to which discourse hasa specific power to create the world, because it provides its participants with ways ofunderstanding reality. Getting to know the press discourse about teachers is thereforea very important matter, the way of writing about this professional group determines howpeople perceive it and how to behave towards it. The method of analysing the 18 presstexts selected for the study is a critical discourse analysis, which was used to answer thefollowing research question: what linguistic means were used in the discourse on teacher’sremote work and what the effects of this discourse may be. In the analysed texts about distance education, mainly expressions with a clearly negative semantic character are used,which in turn leads to discrediting teachers and shapes the belief about the crisis situationin education.

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Opportunities and Challenges in Realizing Universal Access to Obstetric Ultrasound in Sub-Saharan Africa

Ultrasound International Open ◽

10.1055/s-0043-103948 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 03 (02) ◽

pp. E52-E59 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sikolia Wanyonyi ◽

Charles Mariara ◽

Sudhir Vinayak ◽

William Stones

Keyword(s):

Universal Access ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Future Research ◽

Obstetric Ultrasound ◽

Integral Component ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

The Subject ◽

Sub Saharan

AbstractThe potential benefits of obstetric ultrasound have yet to be fully realized in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), despite the region bearing the greatest burden of poor perinatal outcomes. We reviewed the literature for challenges and opportunities of universal access to obstetric ultrasound and explored what is needed to make such access an integral component of maternity care in order to address the massive burden of perinatal morbidity and mortality in SSA. Original peer-reviewed literature was searched in various electronic databases using a ‘realist’ approach. While the available data were inconclusive, they identify many opportunities for potential future research on the subject within the region that can help build a strong case to justify the provision of universal access to ultrasound as an integral component of comprehensive antenatal care.

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The effect of electroacupuncture on hemodialysis patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS): study protocol for a randomized crossover trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-32357/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jia-Ming Chen ◽

Ping-Fang Chiu ◽

Yu-Jun Chang ◽

Po-Chi Hsu ◽

Chia-Chu Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Restless Legs Syndrome ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Severity Index ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Restless Legs ◽

The Subject ◽

Group 2 ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship ◽

Registration Date

Abstract Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) in hemodialysis patients with restless leg syndrome (RLS) by heart rate variability (HRV) monitor. Methods112 subjects who were hemodialysis patients with RLS will be divided into 2 groups: experimental and control. Each subject will receive the treatment relevant to their group 2 times a week for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment the subject will enter a 2-week washout period, after which the subjects will switch groups. Measurements will include HRV recordings, International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLSRS) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). DiscussionThis study is the first investigation to analyze the relationship between EA and the change of HRV by an objective monitor. If the findings of the current trial are positive, this study will also help support an effective, safe and cheap approach to clinical treatment of this challenging disorder, help foster improved understanding the relationship between RLS and HRV, and ultimately contribute to elucidate the mechanisms of EA. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04356794; registration date: April 22, 2020.

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An Analysis of Pragmatic Presupposition in Maturity Episode on Golden Ways Show

SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) ◽

10.35307/saltel.v3i2.56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Maria Olivia Christina Sianipar

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Research Question ◽

Talk Show ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

The Subject ◽

Descriptive Method ◽

Pragmatic Presupposition

Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or a reader. It has consequently more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances. Describing the types of presupposition by the utterances in a talk show named Golden Ways is the objective of this research. The subject of this research is a talk show entitled maturity. The data are some utterances said by the speaker and heard by the hearer. Utterances between the host and the audiences from this show can show the presupposition. The writer analyzed the types of presupposition by Yule’s theory (1996) to find out what types are often used in this talk show. The data analysis is conducted by classifying and categorizing the data to find the inferences. The writer uses a descriptive method because it describes the presupposition in the talk show and it was suitable to the purpose of the study. As Monsen stated (2008: 5) the descriptive research often illustrates a relevant but non quantified topic involving a well-focused research question. It generates narrative data that describe words instead of numbers. The writer has found all six types of presupposition which applied in this talk show. This research shows that presupposition always exist in utterances.

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Can History Stand Alone? Drawbacks and Blind Spots of a “Disciplinary” Curriculum

Teachers College Record ◽

10.1177/016146811011200902 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 112 (9) ◽

pp. 2471-2495 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephen J. Thornton ◽

Keith C. Barton

Keyword(s):

Social Studies ◽

General Education ◽

20Th Century ◽

Academic Discipline ◽

Research Question ◽

History Education ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Quarter Century ◽

Content Selection ◽

The Subject

Background/Context Over the past quarter-century, many historians, politicians, and educators have argued for an increase in the amount of history taught in schools, for a clear separation of history and social studies, and for an emphasis on disciplinary structures and norms as the proper focus for the subject. Unfortunately, discussions of history education too often rest on the problematic belief that the academic discipline can provide direction for the nature of the subject in general education. Description of Prior Research Throughout much of the 20th century, U.S. history educators made common cause with other social educators to promote principled and critical understandings of society. Both groups stood in opposition to calls for more nationalist views of history education. In the mid-1980s, however, this situation began to change, as a coalition of historians, educational researchers, and political pressure groups promoted history as a subject distinct from and independent of the larger realm of the social studies. This new coalition has been unable to avoid conflicts over the selection of content, however, and approaches favored by nationalists often clash with the more critical and inclusive perspectives of historians. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study In this article, we trace the relationship between historians and other social educators during the 20th century and explore how the forces favoring a realignment of history and social studies coalesced in the mid-1980s. We argue that this coalition has led to an unproductive emphasis on history as a “separate subject” and a resulting lack of attention to the goals of history in general education. Research Design This analytic essay draws on curriculum theory, historical sources, and contemporary cognitive research to outline the changing relationships between historians and other social educators and to examine the limitations of a purportedly disciplinary curriculum. Conclusions/Recommendations The academic discipline of history cannot, by itself, provide guidance for content selection because educators face restrictions of time and coverage that are not relevant in the context of academic historical research. In addition, educators must concern themselves with developing students’ conceptual understanding, and this necessarily requires drawing on other social science disciplines. If students are to develop the insights that historians have most often promoted for the subject, historians must return to their place within the conversation of social studies education.

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A Comprehensive Legal Translation Brief

Legal Translation Outsourced ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190900014.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 81-102

Author(s):

Juliette R. Scott

Keyword(s):

Service Provision ◽

Academic Work ◽

Professional Services ◽

Performance Constraints ◽

Legal Translation ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

The Subject

The potential benefits of voicing performance constraints and addressing risk by means of a comprehensive legal translation brief are the subject of Chapter 4. A review of academic work in this area and of briefing in comparable sectors of the market prepares the ground for a discussion of interactional and relational dysfunctions. This emphasizes the importance of the translator assuming a central role as an expert partner in a collaborative service provision process. Having reported some existing market initiatives, the author sets out the components for a legal translation brief to be used as a template by practitioners to optimize the delivery of these expert professional services.

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Food Origin Traceability from a Consumer’s Perspective

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12051872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1872 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Walaszczyk ◽

Barbara Galińska

Keyword(s):

Research Question ◽

Food Product ◽

Food Products ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Research Process ◽

Product Packaging ◽

Financial Status ◽

Food Traceability ◽

Product Features ◽

The Subject

The awareness of food origin in the consumers’ perspective has gradually become more significant not only in reference to consumers from highly developed countries but also from emerging ones, which are already on their way from a developing to developed economy. The purpose of the paper is to answer the research question by verifying four hypotheses formulated in the research process. The research question is: "Do the variables which characterize consumers of food products in Poland, including gender, age, education and financial status, affect the aspects related to food traceability, such as identification of the producer, importance of food product features when shopping, importance of the information given on food product packaging and influence of the shopping place and frequency on tracing the food origin?" The paper presents the results, analysis, and conclusions from the study in reference to the four assumed hypotheses related to the above-mentioned research question. The study was carried out on a group of 500 consumers of food products in Poland. The study topic selection is justified by the assumed significance of tracing back a food product’s origin for a consumer who functions in a globalization-based economy; this was confirmed by the subject literature presented in the paper.

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Smart campus tools 2.0 exploring the use of real-time space use measurement at universities and organizations

Facilities ◽

10.1108/f-11-2018-0136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bart Valks ◽

Monique Arkesteijn ◽

Alexandra Den Heijer

Keyword(s):

Research Question ◽

Facility Management ◽

Information Costs ◽

Content Type ◽

Energy Footprint ◽

Smart Campus ◽

Time Space ◽

The Subject ◽

Real Estate Management ◽

Dutch Universities

Purpose The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about the use of smart campus tools to improve the effective and efficient use of campuses. Many universities are facing a challenge in attuning their accommodation to organisational demand. How can universities invest their resources as effectively as possible and not in space that will be poorly utilized? The hypothesis of this paper is that by using smart campus tools, this problem can be solved. Design/methodology/approach To answer the research question, previous survey at 13 Dutch universities was updated and compared with a survey of various universities and other organizations. The survey consisted of interviews with structured and semi-structured questions, which resulted in a unified output for 27 cases. Findings Based on the output of the cases, the development of smart campus tools at Dutch universities was compared to that of international universities and other organizations. Furthermore, the data collection led to insights regarding the reasons for initiating smart campus tools, user and management information, costs and benefits and foreseen developments. Originality/value Although the use of smart tools in practice has gained significant momentum in the past few years, research on the subject is still very technology-oriented and not well-connected to facility management and real estate management. This paper provides an overview of the ways in which universities and organizations are currently supporting their users, improving the use of their buildings and reducing their energy footprint through the use of smart tools.

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