Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia

AbstractSoil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Ethiopia. Lack of land use planning, environmental protection, over-cultivation, and overgrazing are prominent causes of erosion and sedimentation. This study is conducted in Anjeb watershed located in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. In this study, the quantity and distribution of soil erosion, sediment delivery ratio (SDR), and sediment yield of the watershed were assessed by employing remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and revised universal soil loss equation analysis capabilities. Important data sets of topography, soil, conservations practices, cover management, and rainfall factors were processed and superimposed in GIS analysis, and soil loss rate, SDR, and sediment yield of the watershed were derived. Based on the result found, the watershed was categorized into six classes of erosion: slight (0–5), moderate (5–10), high (10–15), very high (15–30), severe (30–50), and very severe (> 50) t ha−1 yr−1. The estimated average annual soil loss was 17.3 t ha−1 yr−1. The soil loss rate is higher in the steeper and topographically dissected part of the watershed. The average sediment delivery capacity was about 0.122. The result showed that the average sediment yield in the watershed was grouped into classes of low (< 2.5), moderate (2.5–7.5), high (7.5–12.5), very high (12.5–22.5), severe (22.5–40), and very severe (> 40) t ha−1 yr−1. It is found that from a total of 20,125.5 t yr−1 eroded soil over the whole watershed 2254.5 t yr−1 of sediment has been brought and deposited to the channels. Sediment accumulation from the watershed threatens the storage capacity and life span of Anjeb reservoir which is the source of irrigation water downstream. The study provides an insight to planners and resource managers to design and implement practices of watershed management to reduce erosion and enhance land productivity and to minimize the reservoir sediment accumulation.

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KAJIAN EROSI LAHAN DI KAWASAN AIR STRIP RUNWAY 2600 BANDARA DEPATI AMIR (PGK) BERDASARKAN TATA GUNA LAHAN MASTERPLAN ULTIMATE

FROPIL (Forum Profesional Teknik Sipil) ◽

10.33019/fropil.v7i2.1627 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 100-111

Author(s):

Miskar Maini ◽

Junita Eka Susanti

Keyword(s):

Sediment Yield ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Universal Soil Loss Equation ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Sediment Delivery Ratio ◽

Sediment Delivery ◽

Soil Loss Equation

Standar permintaan engineering pesawat agar desain bangunan infrastruktur di area Air Strip Runway 2600 yang ada dapat mempunyai fungsi lain. Sedangkan kondisi lain sangat menentukan keselamatan karena lahan di sekitar Air Strip Runway 2600 Bandara Depati Amir (PGK) jika tidak ditutupi vegetasi seperti rumput, kondisi lain lahan yang belum ditutupi vegetasi di sekitar Air Strip Runway 2600 berpotensi akan mengalami erosi lahan, kemudian hasil erosi lahan ini akan terbawa oleh aliran air sehingga akan masuk ke saluran drainase yang akan menyebabkan sedimentasi pada saluran drainase tersebut, akhirnya akan berkurang efektifitas kinerja saluran drainase tersebut. Metode yang digunakan untuk memprediksi laju rata-rata erosi di area Air Strip Runway 2600 dengan memperhitungkan faktor erosivitas hujan, erodibilitas tanah, kemiringan lereng atau panjang lereng, pengelolaan tanaman dan konservasi tanah, yang masing masing tata guna lahan tersebut mengacu pada Masterplan Ultimate Bandara Depati Amir (PGK). Perhitungan dilakukan menggunakan persamaan USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) yang dikembangkan oleh Wischmeier dan Smith (1965, 1978), kemudian Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) dan Sediment Yield.Hasil penelitian ini, prediksi laju erosi permukaan pada area Air Strip Runway 2600 Bandara Depati Amir (PGK) tahun pertama yang mencapai 5,60 mm/tahun atau 100,76 Ton/Ha/tahun, laju erosi tahun kedua mencapai 3,38 mm/tahun atau 60,84 Ton/Ha/tahun dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas bahaya erosi sedang (kelas III) dan nilai SDR adalah sebesar 56,3%, nilai sediment yield (SR) pada tahun pertama sebesar 5.887,59 Ton/Tahun, pada tahun kedua ketika rumput pada area Air Strip telah tumbuh dengan sempurna terjadi penurunan hasil sediment yield yaitu nilai SR sebesar 3.554,85 Ton/Tahun.

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Application of Erosion 2D Model for Erosion Studies in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.815 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 367 ◽

pp. 815-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.O. Isikwue ◽

T.G. Amile

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Physically Based Model ◽

Cover Cropping ◽

Physically Based ◽

The City ◽

Land Grading ◽

2D Model ◽

Soil Loss Rate

The equations of Erosion 2D Model (a physically based model) were transformed into a computer programme called EROSOFT and used to predict the rate of soil loss in Makurdi metropolis. The model has detachment, transport and deposition components. Four sites were chosen within the metropolis for this study. Soil samples were collected from the sites for laboratory analysis. Rainfall and runoff fluids were collected from the sites to determine their densities. Levelling instrument was used to detremine the channels slopes. The model predicted an average annual soil loss rate of 310kg m-2s-1 for the metropolis. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that straight slopes are more prone to soil erosion. The result of the model deviates slightly from established facts that, sandy soils are more erodible and hence prone to be easily detached. Nevertheless, the model shows that soil erosion is influenced by slope geometry and rainfall intensity. The study attributes the major causes of soil erosion in the city to urban runoff concentration and removal of vegetation, and therefore suggests the use of land grading, land forming and cover cropping as well as conservation structures like road side drains for the control of erosion in the metropolis.

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Soil Sediment Loading and Related Environmental Impacts from Farms

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.267 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Vito Ferro

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Sediment Yield ◽

Water Storage ◽

Sediment Deposition ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Sediment Delivery Ratio ◽

Sediment Delivery ◽

Soil Particles

Beyond damage to rainfed agricultural and forestry ecosystems, soil erosion due to water affects surrounding environments. Large amounts of eroded soil are deposited in streams, lakes, and other ecosystems. The most costly off-site damages occur when eroded particles, transported along the hillslopes of a basin, arrive at the river network or are deposited in lakes. The negative effects of soil erosion include water pollution and siltation, organic matter loss, nutrient loss, and reduction in water storage capacity. Sediment deposition raises the bottom of waterways, making them more prone to overflowing and flooding. Sediments contaminate water ecosystems with soil particles and the fertilizer and pesticide chemicals they contain. Siltation of reservoirs and dams reduces water storage, increases the maintenance cost of dams, and shortens the lifetime of reservoirs. Sediment yield is the quantity of transported sediments, in a given time interval, from eroding sources through the hillslopes and river network to a basin outlet. Chemicals can also be transported together with the eroded sediments. Sediment deposition inside a reservoir reduces the water storage of a dam. The prediction of sediment yield can be carried out by coupling an erosion model with a mathematical operator which expresses the sediment transport efficiency of the hillslopes and the channel network. The sediment lag between sediment yield and erosion can be simply represented by the sediment delivery ratio, which can be calculated at the outlet of the considered basin, or by using a distributed approach. The former procedure couples the evaluation of basin soil loss with an estimate of the sediment delivery ratio SDRW for the whole watershed. The latter procedure requires that the watershed be discretized into morphological units, areas having a constant steepness and a clearly defined length, for which the corresponding sediment delivery ratio is calculated. When rainfall reaches the surface horizon of the soil, some pollutants are desorbed and go into solution while others remain adsorbed and move with soil particles. The spatial distribution of the loading of nitrogen, phosphorous, and total organic carbon can be deduced using the spatial distribution of sediment yield and the pollutant content measured on soil samples. The enrichment concept is applied to clay, organic matter, and all pollutants adsorbed by soil particles, such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Knowledge of both the rate and pattern of sediment deposition in a reservoir is required to establish the remedial strategies which may be practicable. Repeated reservoir capacity surveys are used to determine the total volume occupied by sediment, the sedimentation pattern, and the shift in the stage-area and stage-storage curves. By converting the sedimentation volume to sediment mass, on the basis of estimated or measured bulk density, and correcting for trap efficiency, the sediment yield from the basin can be computed.

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GIS estimation of annual average soil loss rate from Hangar River watershed using RUSLE

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2019.181 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 529-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahmud Mustefa ◽

Fekadu Fufa ◽

Wakjira Takala

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Study Finding ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Rainfall Erosivity ◽

Vegetative Cover ◽

Annual Average ◽

Slope Length ◽

Soil Loss Rate

Abstract Currently, soil erosion is the major environmental problem in the Blue Nile, Hangar watershed in particular. This study aimed to estimate the spatially distributed mean annual soil erosion and map the most vulnerable areas in Hangar watershed using the revised universal soil loss equation. In this model, rainfall erosivity (R-factor), soil erodibility (K-factor), slope steepness and slope length (LS-factor), vegetative cover (C-factor), and conservation practice (P-factor) were considered as the influencing factors. Maps of these factors were generated and integrated in ArcGIS and then the annual average soil erosion rate was determined. The result of the analysis showed that the amount of soil loss from the study area ranges from 1 to 500 tha−1 yr−1 with an average annual soil loss rate of 32 tha−1 yr−1. Considering contour ploughing with terracing as a fully developed watershed management, the resulting soil loss rate was reduced from 32 to 19.2 tha−1 yr−1. Hence, applying contour ploughing with terracing effectively reduces the vulnerability of the watershed by 40%. Based on the spatial vulnerability of the watershed, most critical soil erosion areas were situated in the steepest part of the watershed. The result of the study finding is helpful for stakeholders to take appropriate mitigation measures.

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Land use/land cover change effect on Soil erosion and Sediment Delivery on Winike Watershed, Omo Gibe Basin, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.19417/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Abreham Berta Aneseyee

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Land Cover ◽

Land Cover Change ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Management Practices ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

Sediment Delivery ◽

Sediment Export

Abstract Background: Information on soil loss and sediment export is essential to identify hotspots of soil erosion for conservation interventions in a given watershed. This study aims at investigating the dynamic of soil loss and sediment export associated with land use/land cover change and identifies soil loss hotspot areas in Winike watershed of Omo-gibe basin of Ethiopia. Spatial data collected from satellite images, topographic maps, meteorological and soil data were analyzed. Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) of sediment delivery ratio (SDR) model was used based on analysis of land use/land cover maps and RUSLE factors. Result: The results showed that total soil loss increased from 774.86 thousand tons in 1988 to 951.21 thousand tons in 2018 while the corresponding sediment export increased by 3.85 thousand tons in the same period. These were subsequently investigated in each land-use type. Cultivated fields generated the highest soil erosion rate, which increased by 10.02 t/ha/year in 1988 to 43.48 t/ha/year in 2018. This corresponds with the expansion of the cultivated area that increased from 44.95 thousand ha in 1988 to 59.79 thousand ha in 2018. This is logical as the correlation between soil loss and sediment delivery and expansion of cultivated area is highly significant (p<0.01). Sub-watershed six (SW-6) generated the highest soil loss (62.77 t/ha/year) and sediment export 16.69 t/ha/year, followed by Sub-watershed ten (SW-10) that are situated in the upland plateau. Conversely, the lower reaches of the watershed are under dense vegetation cover and experiencing less erosion. Conclusion: Overall, the changes in land use/land cover affect significantly the soil erosion and sediment export dynamism. This research is used to identify an area to prioritize the watershed for immediate management practices. Thus, land use policy measures need to be enforced to protect the hydropower generation dams at downstream and the ecosystem at the watershed.

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Assessment of uncertainties in soil erosion and sediment yield estiamtes at ungauged basins: an application to the Garra River basin, India

10.5194/hess-2017-383 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Somil Swarnkar ◽

Anshu Malini ◽

Shivam Tripathi ◽

Rajiv Sinha

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

River Basin ◽

Sediment Yield ◽

Uncertainty Propagation ◽

River Basins ◽

Large River ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Mountainous Region ◽

Ungauged Basins ◽

Sediment Delivery

Abstract. High soil erosion and excessive sediment load are serious problems in several Himalayan River basins. To apply mitigation procedures, precise estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield with associated uncertainties are needed. Here, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) equations are used to estimate the spatial pattern of soil erosion (SE) and sediment yield (SY) in the Garra River basin, a small Himalayan tributary of River Ganga. A methodology is proposed for quantifying and propagating uncertainties in SE, SDR and SY estimates. Expressions for uncertainty propagation are derived by first-order uncertainty analysis, making the method viable even for large river basins. The methodology is applied to investigate the relative importance of different RUSLE factors in estimating the magnitude and uncertainties of SE over two distinct morpho-climatic regimes of the Garra River basin, namely, upper mountainous region & lower alluvial plains. The results suggest that average SE in the basin falls in very high category (20.4 ± 4.1 t/ha/y) with higher values in the upper mountainous region (84.4 ± 13.9 t/ha/y) than in the lower alluvial plains (17.7 ± 3.6 t/ha/y). Furthermore, the topographic steepness (LS) and crop practice (CP) factors exhibit higher uncertainties than other RUSLE factors. The annual average SY is estimated at two locations in the basin – Nanak Sagar dam (NSD) for the period 1962–2008 and Husepur gauging station (HGS) for 1987–2002. The SY at NSD and HGS are estimated to be 8.0 ± 1.4 × 105 t/y and 7.9 ± 1.7 ×106 t/y, respectively, and the estimated 90 % confidence interval contains the observed values 6.4 × 105 t/y and 7.2 × 106 t/y. The study demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed methodology for quantifying uncertainty in SE and SY estimates at ungauged basins.

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MODELLING RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION AT BIN EL OUIDANE DAM, MOROCCO

AGROFOR ◽

10.7251/agreng1701099s ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

El Mouatassime SABRI ◽

Ahmed BOUKDIR ◽

Rachid El MASLOUHI ◽

Mustapha MABROUKI ◽

Abdellah EL MAHBOUL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Sediment Yield ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Reservoir Sedimentation ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Sediment Delivery Ratio ◽

Sediment Delivery ◽

Sparse Vegetation ◽

Bin El Ouidane

This study was conducted in the Oued El Abid watershed upstream of the Bin ElOuidane dam, in Tadla-Azilal province (Morocco) to quantify the dam siltationrates. To assess the annual soil erosion and the sediment yield the universal soilloss equation (USLE) was used. A geographic information system (GIS) was usedto generate and integrate maps of the USLE factors. A spatial distribution of soilerosion in the Oued El Abid watershed was obtained. The soil erosion wasdetermined for each rural commune in order to identify the soil erosion hotspot andestimate the amount of soil that has been transported downstream (Bin El OuidaneDam). Soil erosion ranged from very limited values for flat and well covered areasto over 2100 t /ha/y in mountainous areas with sparse vegetation. The total annualsoil loss within the watershed is estimated at 19. 6 million tons per year. Anequation of sediment delivery ratio (SDR) based on river gradient was calculated.It was found that the value of SDR at the outlet of the watershed Oued El Abid was0. 65 with a sediment yield of 12. 74 million tons per year which affect thedurability of the dam.

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Impacts of land use/land cover and climate changes on soil erosion in Muga watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin (Abay), Ethiopia

Ecological Processes ◽

10.1186/s13717-021-00339-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tatek Belay ◽

Daniel Ayalew Mengistu

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

Nile Basin ◽

Blue Nile Basin ◽

The Future ◽

Soil Loss Rate

Abstract Background Soil erosion is one of the major threats in the Ethiopian highlands. In this study, soil erosion in the Muga watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin (Abay) under historical and future climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change was assessed. Future LULC was predicted based on LULC map of 1985, 2002, and 2017. LULC maps of the historical periods were delineated from Landsat images, and future LULC was predicted using the CA–Markov chain model. Precipitation for the future period was projected from six regional circulation models. The RUSLE model was used to estimate the current and future soil erosion rate in Muga watershed. Results The average annual rate of soil erosion in the study area was increased from about 15 t ha−1 year−1 in 1985 to 19 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002, and 19.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2017. Expansion of crop cultivation and loss of vegetation caused an increase in soil erosion. Unless proper measure is taken against the LULC changes, the rate of soil loss is expected to increase and reach about 20.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2033. In the 2050s, soil loss is projected to increase by 9.6% and 11.3% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, compared with the baseline period. Thus, the soil loss rate is expected to increase under both scenarios due to the higher erosive power of the future intense rainfall. When both LULC and climate changes act together, the mean annual soil loss rate shows a rise of 13.2% and 15.7% in the future under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, which is due to synergistic effects. Conclusions The results of this study can be useful for formulating proper land use planning and investments to mitigate the adverse effect of LULC on soil loss. Furthermore, climate change will exacerbate the existing soil erosion problem and would need for vigorous proper conservation policies and investments to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on soil loss.

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Estimation of Potential Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield: A Case Study of the Transboundary Chenab River Catchment

Water ◽

10.3390/w13243647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 3647

Author(s):

Muhammad Gufran Ali ◽

Sikandar Ali ◽

Rao Husnain Arshad ◽

Aftab Nazeer ◽

Muhammad Mohsin Waqas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Time Scales ◽

Environmental Degradation ◽

Sediment Yield ◽

Soil Loss ◽

European Space Agency ◽

River Basins ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

River Catchment ◽

Chenab River

Near real-time estimation of soil loss from river catchments is crucial for minimizing environmental degradation of complex river basins. The Chenab river is one of the most complex river basins of the world and is facing severe soil loss due to extreme hydrometeorological conditions, unpredictable hydrologic response, and complex orography. Resultantly, huge soil erosion and sediment yield (SY) not only cause irreversible environmental degradation in the Chenab river catchment but also deteriorate the downstream water resources. In this study, potential soil erosion (PSE) is estimated from the transboundary Chenab river catchment using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), coupled with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Land Use of the European Space Agency (ESA), Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) data, and world soil map of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization were incorporated into the study. The SY was estimated on monthly, quarterly, seasonal, and annual time-scales using sediment delivery ratio (SDR) estimated through the area, slope, and curve number (CN)-based approaches. The 30-year average PSE from the Chenab river catchment was estimated as 177.8, 61.5, 310.3, 39.5, 26.9, 47.1, and 99.1 tons/ha for annual, rabi, kharif, fall, winter, spring, and summer time scales, respectively. The 30-year average annual SY from the Chenab river catchment was estimated as 4.086, 6.163, and 7.502 million tons based on area, slope, and CN approaches. The time series trends analysis of SY indicated an increase of 0.0895, 0.1387, and 0.1698 million tons per year for area, slope, and CN-based approaches, respectively. It is recommended that the areas, except for slight erosion intensity, should be focused on framing strategies for control and mitigation of soil erosion in the Chenab river catchment.

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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL LOSS IN UPPER DIDESSA WATERSHED, ETHIOPIA

Journal of Sedimentary Environments ◽

10.12957/jse.2019.47285 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 434-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fayera Gudu Tufa ◽

Tolera Abdissa Feyissa

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Nutrient Loss ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Factor C ◽

Soil Loss Rate

Soil erosion is dramatically increasing and accelerating in developing countries like Ethiopia. It has worrisome economic and environmental impacts and causes nutrient loss on agricultural land, sedimentation in rivers and reservoirs, clogged canals and other water supply systems. Determination of spatial distribution of soil loss rate in upper Didessa watershed is an important priority for prioritizing the area for watershed management practices in order to reduce soil erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) framed with geographical information system and remote sensing technique was used to estimate the mean annual soil loss in Upper Didessa Watershed, Ethiopia. Digital elevation model (DEM) with 30mx30m resolution was collected from Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy and used to delineate the watershed. Soil loss factors of the watershed like length and slope factor (LS), soil erodibility factor (K), cover management factor (C), support practicing factor (P) and rain fall erosivity factor (R) were evaluated and integrated in GIS to compute the annual soil loss rate of the watershed. The results of this work reveal that the annual rate of soil loss in the watershed is 5.23 t / ha / year. They also show that the central part of the watershed is an area prone to soil erosion. DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DA PERDA DO SOLO NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA SUPERIOR DIDESSA, ETIÓPIA ResumoA erosão do solo está aumentando e acelerando dramaticamente em países em desenvolvimento como a Etiópia. Tem impactos econômicos e ambientais preocupantes e causa perda de nutrientes em terras agrícolas, sedimentação em rios e reservatórios, entupimento de canais e outros sistemas de fornecimento de água. A determinação da distribuição espacial da taxa de perda de solo na bacia hidrográfica superior do Rio Didessa é uma prioridade importante para priorizar a área para práticas de manejo de bacias hidrográficas a fim de reduzir a erosão do solo. A Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada (RUSLE), enquadrada com sistema de informação geográfica e técnica de sensoriamento remoto, foi usada para estimar a perda média anual de solo na Bacia do Alto Didessa, na Etiópia. O modelo digital de elevação (DEM) com resolução de 30mx30m foi coletado no Ministério da Água, Irrigação e Energia e utilizado para delinear a bacia hidrográfica. Os fatores de perda de solo da bacia hidrográfica, como comprimento e fator de inclinação (LS), fator de erodibilidade do solo (K), fator de manejo da cobertura (C), fator de prática de apoio (P) e fator de erosividade da chuva (R) foram avaliados e integrados no SIG para calcular a taxa anual de perda de solo da bacia hidrográfica. Os resultados deste trabalho revelam que taxa anual de perda de solo da bacia hidrográfica é de 5,23 t / ha / ano. Mostram ainda que a parte central da bacia hidrográfica é uma área propensa à erosão do solo. Palavras-chave: SIG. Perda de solo. RUSLE. Didessa superior da bacia hidrográfica.

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