Human-canid relationship in the Americas: an examination of canid biological attributes and domestication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Segura ◽  
Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
Keyword(s):  
Biological Attributes

1,4-Diazepines: A Review on Synthesis, Reactions and Biological Significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Rashid ◽  
Aisha Ashraf ◽  
Sahibzada S. Rehman ◽  
Shaukat A. Shahid ◽  
Adeel Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Synthesis Reactions ◽  
Potential Use

Background:1,4-Diazepines are two nitrogen containing seven membered heterocyclic compounds and associated with a wide range of biological activities. Due to its medicinal importance, scientists are actively involved in the synthesis, reactions and biological evaluation of 1,4-diazepines since number of decades.Objective:The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the synthetic schemes and reactivity of 1,4- diazepines. This article also describes biological aspects of 1,4-diazepine derivatives, that can be usefully exploited for the pharmaceutical sector.Conclusion:This review summarizes the abundant literature on synthetic routes, chemical reactions and biological attributes of 1,4-diazepine derivatives. We concluded that 1,4-diazepines have significant importance due to their biological activities like antipsychotic, anxiolytic, anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer. 1,4-diazepine derivatives with significant biological activities could be explored for potential use in the pharmaceutical industries.

Synthetic and Biological Attributes of Pyrimidine Derivatives: A Recent update

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenu Devi ◽  
Shivangi Jaiswal ◽  
Sonika Jain ◽  
Navjeet Kaur ◽  
Jaya Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Pyrimidine Derivatives ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Therapeutic Activities ◽  
Anti Hiv

: Nitrogen-containing heterocycles attract the attention of chemists due to their multifarious activities. Amongst all, pyrimidine plays a central role and exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. Literature is replete with the various aspects of synthetic development in pyrimidine chemistry for a wide array of applications. It aroused our interest to compile various novel and efficient synthetic approaches towards the synthesis of pyrimidine and its derivatives. Pyrimidine derivatives are broadly useful as therapeutic agents, owing to their high degree of structural diversity. They have been recorded to possess a diverse range of therapeutic activities, viz. anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV etc.

scholarly journals Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis does not explain the spread of nonnative weed species naturalized in México

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5444
Author(s):  
Judith Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
Ernesto V. Vega-Peña ◽  
Francisco J. Espinosa-García
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis ◽  
Stochastic Events ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Darwin’S Naturalization Hypothesis

BackgroundDespite numerous tests of Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis (DNH) evidence for its support or rejection is still contradictory. We tested a DNH derived prediction stating that nonnative species (NNS) without native congeneric relatives (NCR) will spread to a greater number of localities than species with close relatives in the new range. This test controlled the effect of residence time (Rt) on the spread of NNS and used naturalized species beyond their lag phase to avoid the effect of stochastic events in the establishment and the lag phases that could obscure the NCR effects on NNS.MethodsWe compared the number of localities (spread) occupied by NNS with and without NCR using 13,977 herbarium records for 305 NNS of weeds. We regressed the number of localities occupied by NNSversus Rtto determine the effect of time on the spread of NNS. Then, we selected the species withRtgreater than the expected span of the lag phase, whose residuals were above and below the regression confidence limits; these NNS were classified as widespread (those occupying more localities than expected byRt) and limited-spread (those occupying fewer localities than expected). These sets were again subclassified into two groups: NNS with and without NCR at the genus level. The number of NNS with and without NCR was compared usingχ2tests and Spearman correlations between the residuals and the number of relatives. Then, we grouped the NNS using 34 biological attributes and five usages to identify the groups’ possible associations with spread and to test DNH. To identify species groups, we performed a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis and evaluated the influences of the number of relatives, localities, herbarium specimens,Rt, and residuals of regression. The Spearman correlation and the Mann–WhitneyUtest were used to determine if the DNH prediction was met. Additionally, we used the clustering objects on subsets of attributes (COSA) method to identify possible syndromes (sets of biological attributes and usages) associated to four groups of NNS useful to test DNH (those with and without NCR and those in more and fewer localities than expected byRt).ResultsResidence time explained 33% of the variation in localities occupied by nonnative trees and shrubs and 46% of the variation for herbs and subshrubs. The residuals of the regression for NNS were not associated with the number or presence of NCR. In each of the NMDS groups, the number of localities occupied by NNS with and without NCR did not significantly differ. The COSA analysis detected that only NNS with NCR in more and fewer localities than expected share biological attributes and usages, but they differ in their relative importance.DiscussionOur results suggest that DNH does not explain the spread of naturalized species in a highly heterogeneous country. Thus, the presence of NCR is not a useful characteristic in risk analyses for naturalized NNS.

scholarly journals Influence of Prescribed Burning on Biological Attributes of the Soil in Natural Pasture from Pantanal

2020 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Izabelli dos Santos Ribeiro ◽  
Gabriel Paganini Faggioni ◽  
Guilherme Miranda Barbosa ◽  
Evaldo Luís Cardoso ◽  
Sandra Aparecida Santos
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Biological Attributes

-

Patterns in the distribution of Melanesian land Mollusca

1969 ◽  
Vol 255 (800) ◽  
pp. 285-306 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Region ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Available Information

Melanesia is important in any discussion concerned with the distribution of terrestrial Mollusca in the Pacific region, as a zone exhibiting an intermingling of faunas derived from different geographical areas. Along the chain of islands constituting Melanesia these faunal elements exhibit changing patterns consistent with island hopping across water gaps. Yet the numbers of species of Mollusca on these islands show a positive correlation with the size of the individual islands (figure 19) and not, as might be expected, with the distance of particular taxonomic groups from centres of dispersal. Variations in this pattern can be attributed to differences in the isolation of islands, ecological diversity and the paucity of collecting in many areas. It should be realized that the distributional patterns recorded for any particular taxon must reflect the frequency and density of collecting and the inadequacies of the systematics of the group, besides biological attributes of the taxon and the island. The limitations should not distract, however, from attempts to analyse the available information, instead they must serve as a guide to the difficulties involved.

Chalcidoidea of Iran (Insecta: Hymenoptera)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Differential Characters ◽  
Biological Attributes

Abstract Within Hymenoptera, the superfamily Chalcidoidea (chalcidoid wasps) is the second largest superfamily after Ichneumonoidea. Because of the preponderance of parasitoid species, Chalcidoidea is one of the most important groups in applied biological control. This book provides a comprehensive, accurate checklists for the chalcidoid fauna of Iran. The species listed in each family chapter include all the species recorded in the literature from Iran through 2019, with one exception as noted in Chapter 10 (Eurytomidae). Each family chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family, hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary. The final chapter tabulates the species diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea by family, the species newly exclude from Iran, the species presently considered as endemic to Iran and the number of species of each family that are known from each of the 31 provinces that comprise Iran. Because of the importance of chalcidoids for biological control of pests in Iran, host information for parasitoid species that is provided throughout the chapters is synthesized in an Appendix at the end of the book.

Family Torymidae Walker, 1833.

2021 ◽  
pp. 367-384
Author(s):  
Marina D. Zerova ◽  
Petr Janšta ◽  
Hassan Ghahari ◽  
Victor N. Fursov ◽  
Gary A. P. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Differential Characters ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Caucasus Mountains ◽  
Political Units

Abstract This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Torymidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. For each species record, reference is included to catalogues that previously reported presence of the species in Iran, including Noyes (2019), distribution in Iran by province and extra-limital distribution by country. In addition to currently recognized countries, previously recognized political units are also included such as Yugoslavia and USSR, as well as some non-political regions such as Caucasus and Transcaucasus (a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia that roughly corresponds to present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary.

Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
River Ecosystems ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Stream Biota

<em>Abstract</em>.—Productivity and biodiversity of stream and river ecosystems vary at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Spatial variation in productivity of salmonid fishes varies over two orders of magnitude worldwide and shows lesser, but still considerable, variation at the regional and watershed level. Spatial variation in production and diversity is related to variation in physical, chemical, and biological attributes of watersheds and channels. Channel constraint, gradient, and size are key factors in determining productivity and diversity. Constrained reaches generally support different species and lower productivity than lower-gradient, unconstrained channels. Variation in the condition of stream reaches is greatly influenced by disturbances. Severe disturbances fundamentally change the functional and structural properties of stream ecosystems and alter the way in which the surrounding watershed interacts with the stream. Periodic occurrence of disturbances and the process of recovery play a key role in maintaining spatial and temporal variability in stream conditions and thereby contribute to the productivity and diversity of stream biota. Land use by humans alters the frequency and characteristics of disturbances. As a result, human-altered disturbance patterns often homogenize channel conditions across a watershed rather than introducing diversity. Watershed restoration plans need to recognize the role variability and disturbance play in maintaining the productivity and diversity of stream biota. Incorporating this understanding into watershed management and restoration will require scientists, managers, and policy makers to view watersheds at much longer temporal and larger spatial scales than is currently done.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document