Frontiers of nursing in the 21st century: Lessons from the past and present for future directions in nursing education

ABSTRACTVertebrate fossils have been converted from natural history objects into research specimens through the act of preparation for over 200 years. All of the basic techniques applied to specimens in the 21st Century were already in use in palaeontological laboratories by the first decade of the 1900s. It behoves any worker in the field to be intimately familiar with processes for treatment of specimens, as these procedures almost always permanently alter material available for interpretation. Historic treatments also complicate attempts to re-treat or re-prepare specimens. Sometimes this results in damage to fossils and loss of information, and often in wasted resources. Most palaeontologists are unaware of the historical evolution of laboratory methods through this time; much of the documentation of this process is considered to be obscure. However, there is in fact a robust body of literature that chronicles the development of procedures for the preparation of fossils. Awareness of the past development of methods is crucial to guiding future directions in the palaeontological laboratory. Regular reporting of laboratory methods in the technical literature at a pace matching that of other analytical methods is integral to the function of palaeontology as a science.

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On Future Directions in Pathology

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053991 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 274-277

Author(s):

Benjamin F. Trump ◽

Irene K. Berezesky ◽

Raymond T. Jones

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Future Directions ◽

Diagnostic Pathology ◽

The Past ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Organ Systems ◽

The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland

10.3366/edinburgh/9780748676903.001.0001 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James J. Coleman

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

National Identity ◽

19Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Collective Memories ◽

The Past ◽

Prevailing View ◽

The Way

At a time when the Union between Scotland and England is once again under the spotlight, Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland examines the way in which Scotland’s national heroes were once remembered as champions of both Scottish and British patriotism. Whereas 19th-century Scotland is popularly depicted as a mire of sentimental Jacobitism and kow-towing unionism, this book shows how Scotland’s national heroes were once the embodiment of a consistent, expressive and robust view of Scottish nationality. Whether celebrating the legacy of William Wallace and Robert Bruce, the reformer John Knox, the Covenanters, 19th-century Scots rooted their national heroes in a Presbyterian and unionist view of Scotland’s past. Examined through the prism of commemoration, this book uncovers collective memories of Scotland’s past entirely opposed to 21st-century assumptions of medieval proto-nationalism and Calvinist misery. Detailed studies of 19th-century commemoration of Scotland’s national heroes Uncovers an all but forgotten interpretation of these ‘great Scots’ Shines a new light on the mindset of nineteenth-century Scottish national identity as being comfortably Scottish and British Overturns the prevailing view of Victorian Scottishness as parochial, sentimental tartanry

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Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201109110703 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Pengmian Feng ◽

Lijing Feng ◽

Chaohui Tang

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Computational Methods ◽

Computational Analysis ◽

Computational Prediction ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Precise Location ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

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The Use of Autogenous Teeth for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Literature Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1853

Author(s):

João Cenicante ◽

João Botelho ◽

Vanessa Machado ◽

José João Mendes ◽

Paulo Mascarenhas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ridge Preservation ◽

Graft Material ◽

Alveolar Ridge ◽

Natural Consequence ◽

Oral Rehabilitation ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past ◽

Alveolar Ridge Preservation ◽

Functional Consequences ◽

Teeth Extraction

Alveolar ridge resorption is a natural consequence of teeth extraction, with unpleasant aesthetic and functional consequences that might compromise a future oral rehabilitation. To minimize the biological consequences of alveolar ridge resorption, several surgical procedures have been designed, the so-called alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques. One important characteristic is the concomitant use of biomaterial in ARP. In the past decade, autogenous teeth as a bone graft material in post-extraction sockets have been proposed with very interesting outcomes, yet with different protocols of preparation. Here we summarize the available evidence on autogenous teeth as a biomaterial in ARP, its different protocols and future directions.

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Small Molecule Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Entry

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14060587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 587

Author(s):

Zhaoyu Chen ◽

Qinghua Cui ◽

Michael Caffrey ◽

Lijun Rong ◽

Ruikun Du

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Membrane Fusion ◽

Small Molecule ◽

Drug Target ◽

Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽

Virus Entry ◽

Critical Role ◽

Structural Basis ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past

Hemagglutinin (HA) plays a critical role during influenza virus receptor binding and subsequent membrane fusion process, thus HA has become a promising drug target. For the past several decades, we and other researchers have discovered a series of HA inhibitors mainly targeting its fusion machinery. In this review, we summarize the advances in HA-targeted development of small molecule inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss the structural basis and mode of action of these inhibitors, and speculate upon future directions toward more potent inhibitors of membrane fusion and potential anti-influenza drugs.

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Criminology: Some lines of flight

Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1177/26338076211014569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 21-33

Author(s):

Julie Berg ◽

Clifford Shearing

Keyword(s):

21St Century ◽

Energy Systems ◽

Social Practices ◽

Smart Phones ◽

40Th Anniversary ◽

The Past ◽

Domain Of Existence ◽

James Lovelock ◽

The 1960S ◽

Space Of Flows

The 40th Anniversary Edition of Taylor, Walton and Young’s New Criminology, published in 2013, opened with these words: ‘The New Criminology was written at a particular time and place, it was a product of 1968 and its aftermath; a world turned upside down’. We are at a similar moment today. Several developments have been, and are turning, our 21st century world upside down. Among the most profound has been the emergence of a new earth, that the ‘Anthropocene’ references, and ‘cyberspace’, a term first used in the 1960s, which James Lovelock has recently termed a ‘Novacene’, a world that includes both human and artificial intelligences. We live today on an earth that is proving to be very different to the Holocene earth, our home for the past 12,000 years. To appreciate the Novacene one need only think of our ‘smart’ phones. This world constitutes a novel domain of existence that Castells has conceived of as a terrain of ‘material arrangements that allow for simultaneity of social practices without territorial contiguity’ – a world of sprawling material infrastructures, that has enabled a ‘space of flows’, through which massive amounts of information travel. Like the Anthropocene, the Novacene has brought with it novel ‘harmscapes’, for example, attacks on energy systems. In this paper, we consider how criminology has responded to these harmscapes brought on by these new worlds. We identify ‘lines of flight’ that are emerging, as these challenges are being met by criminological thinkers who are developing the conceptual trajectories that are shaping 21st century criminologies.

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The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Adrian S. Monthony ◽

Serena R. Page ◽

Mohsen Hesami ◽

Andrew Maxwell P. Jones

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Clonal Plants ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

Drug Type

The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.

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A Technical Study on UAV Characteristics for Precision Agriculture Applications and Associated Practical Challenges

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13061204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1204

Author(s):

Nadia Delavarpour ◽

Cengiz Koparan ◽

John Nowatzki ◽

Sreekala Bajwa ◽

Xin Sun

Keyword(s):

Precision Agriculture ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Future Directions ◽

Radiometric Correction ◽

Practical Applications ◽

The Past ◽

Field Crops ◽

Advanced Technologies ◽

Technical Study ◽

Agricultural Operations

The incorporation of advanced technologies into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) platforms have enabled many practical applications in Precision Agriculture (PA) over the past decade. These PA tools offer capabilities that increase agricultural productivity and inputs’ efficiency and minimize operational costs simultaneously. However, these platforms also have some constraints that limit the application of UAVs in agricultural operations. The constraints include limitations in providing imagery of adequate spatial and temporal resolutions, dependency on weather conditions, and geometric and radiometric correction requirements. In this paper, a practical guide on technical characterizations of common types of UAVs used in PA is presented. This paper helps select the most suitable UAVs and on-board sensors for different agricultural operations by considering all the possible constraints. Over a hundred research studies were reviewed on UAVs applications in PA and practical challenges in monitoring and mapping field crops. We concluded by providing suggestions and future directions to overcome challenges in optimizing operational proficiency.

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Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements and Future Directions

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 535

Author(s):

Ban Qi Tay ◽

Quentin Wright ◽

Rahul Ladwa ◽

Christopher Perry ◽

Graham Leggatt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Vaccines ◽

New Drugs ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past ◽

New Directions ◽

Tumour Antigens ◽

Target Characteristics ◽

Toxic Responses ◽

Shed Light

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

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