The acceptance of spelling variants as symbols of Croatian spelling changes (1994–2013)

This paper discusses the impact of several spelling changes in Croatian on the level of the literacy of native speakers. Since 1986, there have been five official recommendations for usage that pertain to five different orthographic manuals. This research focuses on three spelling points with considerable identity-related repercussions among the public and the media, which are sometimes named the spelling symbols of Croatian. A questionnaire-survey comprised of 36 tests was completed among 1063 students on a technical study programme each year for eight consecutive academic years. Eight generations of first-year undergraduates, who do not study language in an educational setting, have accepted the new spellings, contingent on a frequency principle. The more frequent a spelling variant occurs, the less the chance that the new spelling variant is accepted, and vice versa. Given the lack of established and enduring spelling norms, combined with ideological oppositions between the old and new spelling forms, students have been guided mainly by their capacity to write the most common form.

Enhance the Plant Operating Capacity - Maximize the Revenue/Asset Utilization

To explore the opportunity for maximum utilization for a Sales Gas Compression Facility (SGCF) in line with ADNOC strategy to enhance profitability and asset utilization. A technical study was conducted to increase the processing capacity up to 133% of its design limit by utilizing the available design margins. This was to identify the potential bottlenecks in the facility and suggest debottlenecking options (if bottlenecks are there). The Technical study covered the following activities: Simulation: Process simulation was performed and H&MB (Heat and Material Balance) was generatd. Engineering: Compressor adequacy checks on increased plant throughputs. Static Equipment rating and adequacy checks performed with the concurrence of original equipment menufacturerers. Line sizing adequacy checks and detailed evaluation of the piping. Adequacy check for In-line instruments like control valves, flow elements/transmitters (Note 1) Relief, blowdown and flare system adequacy check. Utilities adequacy checks. Risk assessment workshop was conducted before the capacity test run. Preparation of Test Run procedure before the actual test run. Actual plant capacity test run to verify the study findings. Note 1: Adequacy check of thermowells had been peformed separately prior to the study. It had already been established that the thermowells were adequate for the increased plant throughputs. The study has concluded the following observations for processing 133% of the design capacity Theoratically, the Sales Gas Compression Plant is adequate to handle the sales gas throughput up to 600 MMSCFD (2 running machines) considering the facts that Sales Gas Compressor suction pressure must always be kept at 32 barg through close monitoring by the operaters.If compressor suction pressure starts dropping below 32 barg, the study outcome would no more valid and the plant throughput would be reduced back to the original design capacity of 450 MMSCFD. Moreover, it was recommended to perform a field test run to validate the study outcome by following the Manageement of Change Procedure as applicable. Based on the successful 48 hours test run, it was established that the facility could handle the increased plant throughput of 600 MMSCFD by following the instructions given in the adequacy study.

Maximize Asset Utilization by Effectively Identifying and Removing Bottlenecks

ADNOC Gas Processing Ruwais NGL Fractionation plant receives and fractionates the NGL produced in upstream gas processing plants. After operation of newly designed upstream NGL plants, composition of NGL feedstock has become richer in Ethane and Propane. Consequently, nameplate capacity were reduced by~25%. In view of future increased NGL production, nameplate capacity of fractionation trains needs to be re-instated. Alternatively, a new fractionation train needs to be installed to accommodate additional NGL. To explore the opportunity for maximum utilization for existing trains, in line with the ADNOC strategy of enhancing profitability and asset utilization, a technical study was conducted to increase the processing capacity back to original nameplate capacity with lighter NGL composition. This was to identify the potential bottlenecks in the facility and suggest debottlenecking options with a reasonable investment. The Technical study covers the following activities: Simulation: Rigorous process simulation including the licensor units of DEO/Propane amine units Adequacy checks and identification of bottlenecks: Line sizing adequacy check and detailed hydraulic evaluation of the major piping Equipment adequacy check Relief & blowdown and flare system adequacy check Proprietary equipment/design evaluation of licensed units Adequacy check for In-line instruments like control valves, flow elements/transmitters, thermowells Rotating equipment adequacy checks performed with the concurrence from OEMs. Licensor Endorsement: Obtained the endorsement of AGRU licensor (Shell) for the increased flow rate with revised contaminant levels with recommendations of removing identified bottlenecks. Bottlenecks mitigation: Various options for bottleneck mitigation was studied and most optimum solution was selected to remove the identified bottleneck. The study has concluded that current capacity limitation was mainly due to bottlenecks in Ethane loop. Therefore, by mitigating the identified bottlenecks (i.e. replacing lines with bigger size, providing high performance trays, high performance internals, replacing few equipment's with new one etc.), the original nameplate capacity can be re-instated. The study concludes that increased NGL forecasted flow with lighter composition could be processed in existing Ruwais fractionation trains by doing minor modifications (as compared to new train). A capacity increase of ~25% was achieved with minimum investment and requirement of new fractionation train could avoided. If extensive adequacy studies are carried out to identify the bottlenecks, the capacity enhancement in existing facilities can be achieved with minimum investment and major cost for new plants/trains can be avoided.

Archaeometric analysis of a fragment of molded stucco cornice with rope from the House of the Mithraeum (Mérida, Spain)

During the excavations carried out since 2017 in the House of the Mithraeum (Casa del Mitreo) in Mérida a collection of paintings was recovered from Room 11, which had been abandoned in the late 3rd c. CE after a fire. The remains included fragments of molded stucco cornices, with braided esparto grass ropes on the reverse that were used to attach them to the ceiling. This article presents the descriptive and technical study of the finds and their compositional analysis using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Data resulting from these analyses allow us to understand the fragments’ composition and technical execution, and even the possible circulation of workshops and raw materials.

A Technical Study of a 17th-Century Manuscript of Muḥammad Bin Sulaymān al-Jazūlī’s Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt

In the spring of 2017, the Islamic Art Department, within The Metropolitan Museum of Art (TMMA), acquired an Islamic prayer book, the Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt by Muḥammad bin Sulaymān al-Jazūlī. This paper discusses the findings of a technical study undertaken in the museum’s Sherman Fairchild Center for the Conservation of Works of Art on Paper, focusing on the materials and techniques of one manuscript acquisition specifically, MMA 2017.301. The nature, properties, and characteristics of the text block paper, fiber and pigment identification, chemical compositions, condition assessment, and inherent deterioration mechanisms within the palette are described. The colophon at the end of the manuscript mentions a patron, Sīdī Aḥmad b. Dirham al-Mālikī and identifies its calligrapher as Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin ʿAbd Al-Raḥmān al-Riyāḥī and confirms its creation date as AH 1035/1625–1626 AD.1

Data Work in Health Care: The Case of Medical Secretaries

This paper investigates the often neglected area of data work by medical secretaries, specifically in the context of hospitals in Denmark. Since the 1930s medical secretaries have played a steadily more central role in meeting the growing need for health data. With electronic health records (EHRs) and promises of data automation, the profession has been put at risk of redundancy. While there is a considerable base of research on the datafication of health care, the data work emerging from datafication remains undescribed. Hence, we are conducting a socio-technical study of clinical-administrative data work in contemporary Danish public hospitals. In this paper we present early insights of this research, indicating the vital role of medical secretaries’ data work in securing clinical information at the point of care.

Designing Open Channel Dimension for Imkasu Area West Papua

Gag Nikel Ltd belongs to a Contract of Work located in Gag Island, West Waigeo Islands District, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province. The open pit mining system employed at this company will enter the mining location and therefore, requires a design of open channel for diversing water coming from rainfall, run off, and ground. The rainfall intensity calculated by Mononobe formula obtained 5,994 mm / hour, whereas the catchment area got 0.59 km 2. The total discharge of run off calculated by Rational Formula gained 1867,956 m 3 / hour. Meanwhile, the design of open channel calculated by Manning Formula yielded wet section (A) = 0.668 m 2, base width (b) = 0.714 m, and depth (h) = 0.714 m, surface width (B) = 1.542 m. Box control having the volume 1 m3, length = 1 m, width = 1 m, and height 1 m must be made every 1 kilometer of open channel length. Around the area of open channel, the used tire must be given to reduce the erosion rate flowing into settling pond. All of these are necessary because the open channel is located near the natural channel and we must also consider several regulations such as Presidential Decree and IPPKH adjusted to the technical study that has been designed.

Optimization of the Study Materials Design in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Numerical and statistical methods are frequently used as a research tool in technical fields and therefore are an important part of studies within technical study programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected university education resulting in the distance form of education. Experience has shown that to train the application of numerical and statistical methods as well as to create homework, which is a condition for students to complete their courses, it is important to provide a large number of exercises and tasks. The work describes a model of automated study materials design using computer technology with emphasis on optimizing the design in terms of three optimization conditions: any number of exercises and tasks, minimizing the design time required and a sufficient variety of exercises and tasks. Free Pascal programming language and the LaTeX typographic system were used as the basis for the model.