scholarly journals Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements and Future Directions

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Ban Qi Tay ◽  
Quentin Wright ◽  
Rahul Ladwa ◽  
Christopher Perry ◽  
Graham Leggatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Tumour Antigens ◽  
Target Characteristics ◽  
Toxic Responses ◽  
Shed Light

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

scholarly journals Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer Disease: Looking Back, Moving Forward

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hsu ◽  
Gad A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevention Trials ◽  
Ad Prevention ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Clinical And Translational Research

The field of Alzheimer disease (AD) prevention has been a culmination of basic science, clinical, and translational research. In the past three years since the new 2011 AD diagnostic guidelines, large-scale collaborative efforts have embarked on new clinical trials with the hope of someday preventing AD. This review will shed light on the historical and scientific contexts in which these trials were based on, as well as discuss potential challenges these trials may face in the coming years. Primary preventive measures, such as lifestyle, multidomain, medication, and supplemental interventions, will be analyzed. Secondary prevention as represented by disease-modifying interventions, such as antiamyloid therapy and pioglitazone, will also be reviewed. Finally, hypotheses on future directions for AD prevention trials will be proposed.

Transgender Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 281-295
Author(s):  
Laura E. Kuper ◽  
Danna Bismar ◽  
Whit Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Shed Light

Research on transgender mental health has dramatically increased over the past decade. While initial studies were limited to small clinic-based or geographically limited convenience samples, larger internet and multi-clinic samples as well as increasing inclusion of gender identity questions in regional, national, and probability-based surveys have started to open new avenues for research. Broadly, disparities appear to exist across a broad range of mental health symptoms and diagnoses. However, significant variations exist across studies and intersectional and integrative approaches have started to shed light on some of these variations. This chapter provides an overview of studies examining the prevalence of mental health–related conditions within transgender samples followed by a synthesis of risk and protective factors that appear to underlie mental health disparities. Approaches to conceptualizing and measuring the size of the transgender population, ethical considerations, and implications and future directions are also discussed.

Competitive Precinct Projects: The Five Consistent Criticisms of “Global” Mixed-Use Megaprojects

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 76-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Harris
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Project Outcomes ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Global Consistency ◽  
Significant Barrier

Mixed-use megaprojects on state-owned land have been increasingly occurring around the world over the past few decades. This article reviews the body of literature that has emerged on these projects during this period and investigates a number of projects more deeply by reviewing original planning documents and undertaking interviews with government officials, consultants, and other insiders. Project motives, delivery methods, and built outcomes have been examined in order to contextualize their emergence and proliferation, leading to a typological understanding, defined in this article as competitive precinct projects. A content analysis of 30 reviews covering 42 mixed-use megaprojects in 20 countries reveals remarkable global consistency in thematic criticisms. Framed in this article as the “five consistent criticisms of ‘global’ mixed-use megaprojects,” they pose a significant barrier to addressing increasingly complex urban challenges as well as to their successful management from inception to delivery. While the consistent criticisms represent patterns that have endured within a globally active urban development type for over three decades, this research shows that rather than being a neoliberal hegemony, there are mixed political and ideological aims and outcomes across projects and sometimes within the same project. A typological understanding allows patterns to be examined and understood, variances and hybridity to be evaluated, and more sophisticated future directions to be mapped out in the pursuit of broader based and city-scale project outcomes.

scholarly journals ChineseGuanxi: An Integrative Review and New Directions for Future Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao C. Chen ◽  
Xiao-Ping Chen ◽  
Shengsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIn this article we review research on Chineseguanxiand social networking in the past twenty years and identify the major perspectives, theories, and methodologies used inguanxiresearch at micro and macro levels. We summarize the main findings of over 200 journal articles onguanxiresearch in terms of its conceptual definitions and measurements, its antecedents and consequences, and its dynamics and processes. Furthermore, we identify the gaps between different levels ofguanxiresearch and discuss future directions to advance our understanding of the complex and intricateguanxiphenomenon.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Novel Drugs and Biologics of 2016: A Boom for Neurodrugs in the Pipelin

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3809-3814
Author(s):  
D Samba Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
High Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Cns Drugs ◽  
The U.S

This article provides a brief overview of novel drugs approved by the U.S. FDA in 2016.  It also focuses on the emerging boom in the development of neurodrugs for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These new drugs are innovative products that often help advance clinical care worldwide, and in 2016, twenty-two such drugs were approved by the FDA. The list includes the first new drug for disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy or hallucinations and delusions of Parkinson’s disease, among several others. Notably, nine of twenty-two (40%) were novel CNS drugs, indicating the industry shifting to neurodrugs. Neurodrugs are the top selling pharmaceuticals worldwide, especially in America and Europe. Therapeutic neurodrugs have proven their significance many times in the past few decades, and the CNS drug portfolio represents some of the most valuable agents in the current pipeline. Many neuroproducts are vital or essential medicines in the current therapeutic armamentarium, including dozens of “blockbuster drugs” (drugs with $1 billion sales potential).  These drugs include antidepressants, antimigraine medications, and anti-epilepsy medications. The rise in neurodrugs’ sales is predominantly due to increased diagnoses of CNS conditions. The boom for neuromedicines is evident from the recent rise in investment, production, and introduction of new CNS drugs.  There are many promising neurodrugs still in the pipeline, which are developed based on the validated “mechanism-based” strategy. Overall, disease-modifying neurodrugs that can prevent or cure serious diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease, are in high demand. 

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

Chinese Medicine Protein and Peptide in Gene and Cell Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinlu Feng ◽  
Zifei Yin ◽  
Daniel Zhang ◽  
Arun Srivastava ◽  
Chen Ling
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Gene And Cell Therapy ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

The success of gene and cell therapy in clinic during the past two decades as well as our expanding ability to manipulate these biomaterials are leading to new therapeutic options for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases. Combining conventional therapies with this emerging field is a promising strategy to treat those previously-thought untreatable diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has evolved for thousands of years in China and still plays an important role in human health. As part of the active ingredients of TCM, proteins and peptides have attracted long-term enthusiasm of researchers. More recently, they have been utilized in gene and cell therapy, resulting in promising novel strategies to treat both cancer and non-cancer diseases. This manuscript presents a critical review on this field, accompanied with perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future research in this emerging frontier.

Reputation and Gossip in Game Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-229
Author(s):  
Charles Roddie
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Shed Light

When interacting with others, it is often important for you to know what they have done in similar situations in the past: to know their reputation. One reason is that their past behavior may be a guide to their future behavior. A second reason is that their past behavior may have qualified them for reward and cooperation, or for punishment and revenge. The fact that you respond positively or negatively to the reputation of others then generates incentives for them to maintain good reputations. This article surveys the game theory literature which analyses the mechanisms and incentives involved in reputation. It also discusses how experiments have shed light on strategic behavior involved in maintaining reputations, and the adequacy of unreliable and third party information (gossip) for maintaining incentives for cooperation.

scholarly journals The Use of Autogenous Teeth for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1853
Author(s):  
João Cenicante ◽  
João Botelho ◽  
Vanessa Machado ◽  
José João Mendes ◽  
Paulo Mascarenhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ridge Preservation ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Alveolar Ridge ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Oral Rehabilitation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alveolar Ridge Preservation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Teeth Extraction

Alveolar ridge resorption is a natural consequence of teeth extraction, with unpleasant aesthetic and functional consequences that might compromise a future oral rehabilitation. To minimize the biological consequences of alveolar ridge resorption, several surgical procedures have been designed, the so-called alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques. One important characteristic is the concomitant use of biomaterial in ARP. In the past decade, autogenous teeth as a bone graft material in post-extraction sockets have been proposed with very interesting outcomes, yet with different protocols of preparation. Here we summarize the available evidence on autogenous teeth as a biomaterial in ARP, its different protocols and future directions.

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