The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process was adapted to crystallize the amorphous ( Ba,Sr ) TiO 3 thin films prepared on Si (111) substrates by RF magnetic sputtering deposition. The effect of annealing temperature, heating rate and duration time on crystallization was studied through X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The result shows that the crystallinity and grain size were strongly dependent on the temperature, heating rate, and duration time. Higher heating rate leads to smaller grain size. In high heating rate, the grain size shows different dependence of temperature from that of low heating rate. For a heating rate of 50°C/s, the grain size decreased with temperature increasing below 700°C, while after that temperature, the grain size increased slightly with the temperature increasing. At a certain temperature, the crystallinity and surface roughness improved with increase in annealing time, while grain size changed little. The effect of rapid heating rate on the nucleation and grain growth has been discussed, which contributes to the limited grain size of the annealed ( Ba,Sr ) TiO 3 thin films.
Influence of Biomass Pyrolysis Temperature, Heating Rate and Type of Biomass on Produced Char in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
