Ethical Issues in Forensic Science & Forensic Odontology

2018 ◽  
pp. 241-273
Author(s):  
J.C. Upshaw Downs ◽  
Robert E. Barsley
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Forensic Odontology

scholarly journals Founding Editorial – Forensics and TheScientificWorld

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 605-608
Author(s):  
Walter Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Scientific Application ◽  
Forensic Biology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tool Mark ◽  
The World ◽  
Forensic Engineering

At the beginning of a new millennium it seems a good idea to stop for a moment and take stock of the current state of forensic science. As a field of scientific research and scientific application, forensic science is a little more than a century old. Forensic science may be said to have begun in 1887 with the simultaneous publication of A. Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet and Hans Gross’s Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter. Conan Doyle’s novel introduced to the world the character of Sherlock Holmes, whose literary career would popularize the use of physical evidence in criminal investigations. Gross’s manual for examining magistrates suggests ways in which the expertise of chemists, biologists, geologists, and other natural scientists could contribute to investigations. Gross’s book was translated into a number of languages and went through various updated editions during the course of the century. The intervening century saw the development and application of fingerprinting, firearm and tool mark identification, forensic chemistry, forensic biology, forensic toxicology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and forensic engineering. Increasingly, the judicial systems of the industrial nations of the world have come to rely upon the expertise of scientists in a variety of disciplines. In most advanced countries, virtually all criminal prosecutions now involve the presentation of scientific testimony. This has had the beneficial effect of diminishing the reliance of courts on eyewitness testimony and defendant confessions.

scholarly journals Denture marking as a forensic tool- Case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-239
Author(s):  
Surbhi Sharma ◽  
Reeta Jain ◽  
Shanta Chopra ◽  
Shaveta Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Inclusion Method ◽  
Labeling Method ◽  
Sufficient Space

Forensic odontology is the branch that comes under forensic science which deals with proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidences. This manuscript describes various techniques that can be adopted for denture identification. The labeling method followed here is inclusion method where photographic sheet was used to mark dentures as this sheet is solvent resistant. The area selected for denture marking is palatal area on maxillary denture and distolingual flange of mandibular area as these areas have sufficient space for inclusion of details and there are not esthetically compromising areas. By this method denture labeling could be done in existing prosthetic devices or could be incorporated in newly constructed prosthesis. The American Board of Forensic Odontology guidelines indicate that most dental identifications are based on restorations, caries, missing teeth and/or prosthetic devices.

Future Forensics: Opportunities and Challenges

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
J Mennell ◽  
I C Shaw ◽  
S M Jickells
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Sex Crimes ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
The Future ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

DNA is probably the most well-known example of forensic science in practice. The UK has the world's largest DNA database in terms of the percentage of the population covered, over four million people, representing 6% of the UK population and covering the majority of the active criminal population. This growth was enabled as a result of the DNA expansion programme and during 2006/2007 alone, I, 175 violent/sex crimes, 852 drugs cases and 7,892 domestic burglaries were linked to one or more individuals on the National DNA Database. However, public confidence in DNA and forensic science has been tested as a result of issues surrounding the growth of the national DNA database and cases such as the Omagh Bombing and Damilola Taylor, which has prompted important ethical issues and concerns to be raised. Despite these concerns, forensic science users and providers are under increasing pressure to build on the success of the DNA expansion programme to ensure that forensic science is used effectively across all crime types. Identifying and articulating a vision for forensic science should enable the impact of forensic science to be maximised, but will also require many areas to be addressed and evaluated. This needs to be done in terms of system drivers, technological drivers and societal drivers and in the context of these there is a need to paint the possible future forensic landscape and boundaries; clearly identifying what we are trying to achieve, what the priorities are and the extent to which we would like to shape the future rather than to merely respond to it.

scholarly journals Computer ethics and cyberethics in forensic expert activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
O.S. ZALIVOKHINA ◽  
◽  
O.S. KUCHIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Computer Ethics ◽  
Internet Security ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Forensic Expert

The article deals with ethical issues related to the process of informatization of forensic expert activity. In recent years in connection with the development of computer technology scientists and philosophers began to talk about new directions in the teaching of morality. Computer ethical and cyber-ethical topics are especially relevant both for forensic science and for forensic expertology, since these areas of science and practice are closely related to the use of information technology. The author analyzes the connection of modern teachings on morality with the methodology of forensic expert activity and the competence of an expert. Also through the prism of cyberethics and computer ethics, the article highlights the problems of expert responsibility, information assessment and Internet security. It is concluded that it is necessary to introduce the provisions of modern computer ethics into the structure of the ethics of a forensic expert.

scholarly journals An Overview of Three Dimensional (3D) Technologies in Forensic Odontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Gargi Jani ◽  
Wenona Star Lavin ◽  
Suresh Ludhwani ◽  
Abraham Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Forensic Archaeology ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scene Investigation ◽  
Printing Techniques

Three-dimensional (3D) modalities are frequently applied in forensic practice as it tends to give complete information of the evidence merely by touching which has resulted in increased usage in legal medicine and forensic sciences. A number of sub-disciplines of forensic science utilises 3D modalities in an inter-disciplinary manner viz. forensic anthropology, forensic archaeology, forensic odontology, crime-scene investigation, pattern analysis and recovery, courtroom visualisation and ballistic comparison. With appropriate knowledge and utilisation of 3D scanning, modelling and printing technologies, innovative approaches can be implemented for identification in forensic cases. Given that these technologies are evolving rapidly and changing the face of forensic science, the present article collates current developments, working and applications of non-contact scanning techniques, modeling and 3D printing techniques.

scholarly journals Analysis of the knowledge on Legal and Forensic Dentistry and Health Legislation and Regulations by Dentists and Stomatologists in the Valencian Community and its relationship with five background factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Sánchez Gisbert ◽  
Marina Gisbert Grifo ◽  
Chirag C. Sheth
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Forensic Dentistry ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Health Legislation

Abstract The main objective of this study is to analyse the background and knowledge of Spanish dentists and stomatologists registered in Alicante, Castellón and Valencia, the three provinces that make up the Valencian Community, with regard to forensic dentistry and the current Spanish health legislation and regulations, and to try to quantify the relationship between level of training, specialisation, work experience, position and workplace, and degree of knowledge.An anonymous survey was designed and validated, consisting of thirty-three multiple-choice questions. The survey included questions regarding their professional background and key questions regarding current dental law, forensic science and expertise. Members' level of knowledge of legal and forensic dentistry, health legislation and regulations in the Valencian Community is moderate, with only 63% of the questions answered correctly. Neither their level of education nor work experience correlates significantly with their degree of knowledge. Dentists specialising in General and Aesthetics Dentistry were found to be more knowledgeable about ethical issues. Regarding the workplace, those working as university teachers tended to stand out from the other professionals in terms of legal and ethical knowledge whilst self-employed and employee dentists show a lower level of knowledge than the rest of the sample.The conclusions obtained from this study highlight the need for dentists to complete and update their knowledge of forensic science and current health legislation, as having proper knowledge is a means of avoiding possible legal problems, which not only means better legal protection for the dentist but is also a means of guaranteeing adequate patient care.

Sem/X-Ray Applications to the Forensic Science Field

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 390-391
Author(s):  
K. Culbreth
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Science Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hit And Run ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence ◽  
Scanning Electron

The introduction of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis to forensic science has provided additional methods by which investigative evidence can be analyzed. The importance of evidence from the scene of a crime or from the personal belongings of a victim and suspect has resulted in the development and evaluation of SEM/x-ray analysis applications to various types of forensic evidence. The intent of this paper is to describe some of these applications and to relate their importance to the investigation of criminal cases.The depth of field and high resolution of the SEM are an asset to the evaluation of evidence with respect to surface phenomena and physical matches (1). Fig. 1 shows a Phillips screw which has been reconstructed after the head and shank were separated during a hit-and-run accident.

Forensic Identifications Aided by Scanning Electron Microscopy of Silicone-Epoxy Microreplicas of Calcified and Cornified Structures

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 678-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Sognnaes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Extended Application ◽  
Tissue Surfaces ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Surface Changes

Sufficient experience has been gained during the past five years to suggest an extended application of microreplication and scanning electron microscopy to problems of forensic science. The author's research was originally initiated with a view to develop a non-destructive method for identification of materials that went into objects of art, notably ivory and ivories. This was followed by a very specific application to the identification and duplication of the kinds of materials from animal teeth and tusks which two centuries ago went into the fabrication of the ivory dentures of George Washington. Subsequently it became apparent that a similar method of microreplication and SEM examination offered promise for a whole series of problems pertinent to art, technology and science. Furthermore, what began primarily as an application to solid substances has turned out to be similarly applicable to soft tissue surfaces such as mucous membranes and skin, even in cases of acute, chronic and precancerous epithelial surface changes, and to post-mortem identification of specific structures pertinent to forensic science.

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