Novel diagnostic strategies for endometriosis

: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cancer in women in the age group 15-44 globally. Experimental as well as epidemiological studies identified that type16 and 18 HPV cause 70% of precancerous cervical lesions as well as cervical cancer worldwide by bringing about genetic as well as epigenetic changes in the host genome. The insertion of the HPV genome triggers various defense mechanisms including the silencing of tumor suppressor genes as well as activation of oncogenes associated with cancer metastatic pathway. E6 and E7 are small oncoproteins consisting of 150 and 100 amino acids respectively. These oncoproteins affect the regulation of the host cell cycle by interfering with p53 and pRb. Further these oncoproteins adversely affect the normal functions of the host cell by binding to their signaling proteins. Recent studies demonstrated that E6 and E7 oncoproteins are potential targets for CC. Therefore, this review discusses the role of E6 and E7 oncoproteins in metastasis and drug resistance as well as their regulation, early oncogene mediated signaling pathways. This review also uncovers the recent updates on molecular mechanisms of E6 and E7 mediated phytotherapy, gene therapy, immune therapy, and vaccine strategies as well as diagnosis through precision testing. Therefore, understanding the potential role of E6/E7 in metastasis and drug resistance along with targeted treatment, vaccine, and precision diagnostic strategies could be useful for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.

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Cancer of Unknown Primary: Challenges and Progress in Clinical Management

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13030451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

Noemi Laprovitera ◽

Mattia Riefolo ◽

Elisa Ambrosini ◽

Christiane Klec ◽

Martin Pichler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Distant Metastases ◽

Cancer Of Unknown Primary ◽

Unknown Primary ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Molecular Features ◽

Tissue Of Origin ◽

Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Aggressive Clinical Behavior

Distant metastases are the main cause of cancer-related deaths in patients with advanced tumors. A standard diagnostic workup usually contains the identification of the tissue-of-origin of metastatic tumors, although under certain circumstances, it remains elusive. This disease setting is defined as cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Accounting for approximately 3–5% of all cancer diagnoses, CUPs are characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior and represent a real therapeutic challenge. The lack of determination of a tissue of origin precludes CUP patients from specific evidence-based therapeutic options or access to clinical trial, which significantly impacts their life expectancy. In the era of precision medicine, it is essential to characterize CUP molecular features, including the expression profile of non-coding RNAs, to improve our understanding of CUP biology and identify novel therapeutic strategies. This review article sheds light on this enigmatic disease by summarizing the current knowledge on CUPs focusing on recent discoveries and emerging diagnostic strategies.

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Language differences in schizophrenia could uncover diagnostic strategies

Mental Health Weekly ◽

10.1002/mhw.32873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (28) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Gary Enos

Keyword(s):

Language Differences ◽

Diagnostic Strategies

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Amadori rearrangement products as potential biomarkers for inborn errors of amino-acid metabolism

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-01909-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rianne E. van Outersterp ◽

Sam J. Moons ◽

Udo F. H. Engelke ◽

Herman Bentlage ◽

Tessa M. A. Peters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

The Body ◽

Inborn Errors ◽

Primary Metabolite ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Ion Spectroscopy ◽

Disease Biomarkers ◽

Amadori Rearrangement

AbstractThe identification of disease biomarkers plays a crucial role in developing diagnostic strategies for inborn errors of metabolism and understanding their pathophysiology. A primary metabolite that accumulates in the inborn error phenylketonuria is phenylalanine, however its levels do not always directly correlate with clinical outcomes. Here we combine infrared ion spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy to identify the Phe-glucose Amadori rearrangement product as a biomarker for phenylketonuria. Additionally, we find analogous amino acid-glucose metabolites formed in the body fluids of patients accumulating methionine, lysine, proline and citrulline. Amadori rearrangement products are well-known intermediates in the formation of advanced glycation end-products and have been associated with the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and ageing, but are now shown to also form under conditions of aminoacidemia. They represent a general class of metabolites for inborn errors of amino acid metabolism that show potential as biomarkers and may provide further insight in disease pathophysiology.

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Glycomic-Based Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer: Advances and Challenges

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11040643 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 643

Author(s):

Francis Mugeni Wanyama ◽

Véronique Blanchard

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Delay In Diagnosis ◽

Common Causes ◽

New Biomarkers ◽

Cure Rates ◽

Developed World

Ovarian cancer remains one of the most common causes of death among gynecological malignancies afflicting women worldwide. Among the gynecological cancers, cervical and endometrial cancers confer the greatest burden to the developing and the developed world, respectively; however, the overall survival rates for patients with ovarian cancer are worse than the two aforementioned. The majority of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage when cancer has metastasized to different body sites and the cure rates, including the five-year survival, are significantly diminished. The delay in diagnosis is due to the absence of or unspecific symptoms at the initial stages of cancer as well as a lack of effective screening and diagnostic biomarkers that can detect cancer at the early stages. This, therefore, provides an imperative to prospect for new biomarkers that will provide early diagnostic strategies allowing timely mitigative interventions. Glycosylation is a protein post-translational modification that is modified in cancer patients. In the current review, we document the state-of-the-art of blood-based glycomic biomarkers for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and the technologies currently used in this endeavor.

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92 Reshaping the Diagnostic Pathways for Investigation of Haematuria During and After The COVID-19 Pandemic: Diagnostic Accuracy of Strategies for Detection of Bladder Cancer from The IDENTIFY Cohort Study

British Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1093/bjs/znab135.029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

S Khadhouri ◽

K Gallagher ◽

K MacKenzie ◽

T Shah ◽

C Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Test Performance ◽

Bladder Tumour ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Flexible Cystoscopy ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Diagnostic Test Performance ◽

Diagnostic Pathways

Abstract Introduction Diagnostic haematuria services have been reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic, compromising patient care, and necessitating a more pragmatic pathway. Method The IDENTIFY study was an international, prospective, multicentre cohort study of over 11,000 patients referred to secondary care for investigation of haematuria. Using this data, we developed strategies using combinations of imaging and cytology as triage tests to maximise cancer detection within a pragmatic pathway. Results 8112 patients (74·4%) received an ultrasound or a CT urogram, with or without cytology. 5737 (70·7%) patients had visible haematuria (VH) and 2375 (29·3%) had non-visible haematuria (NVH). Diagnostic test performance was used to determine optimal age cut-offs for four proposed strategies. We recommended proceeding directly to transurethral resection of bladder tumour for patients of any age with positive triage tests for cancer. Patients with negative triage tests under 35-years-old with VH, or under 50-years-old with NVH can safely be discharged without undergoing flexible cystoscopy. The remaining patients may undergo flexible cystoscopy, with a greater priority for older patients to capture high risk bladder cancer. Conclusions We suggest diagnostic strategies in patients with haematuria, which focus on detection of bladder cancer, whilst reducing the burden to healthcare services in a resource-limited setting.

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Molecular Signature of Extracellular Vesicular Small Non-Coding RNAs Derived from Cerebrospinal Fluid of Leptomeningeal Metastasis Patients: Functional Implication of miR-21 and Other Small RNAs in Cancer Malignancy

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13020209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Kyue-Yim Lee ◽

Yoona Seo ◽

Ji Hye Im ◽

Jiho Rhim ◽

Woosun Baek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Rare Complication ◽

Leptomeningeal Metastasis ◽

Molecular Signature ◽

Definitive Treatment ◽

Small Nuclear Rna ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Novel Mirna ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Sequencing Method

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a fatal and rare complication of cancer in which the cancer spreads via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). At present, there is no definitive treatment or diagnosis for this deleterious disease. In this study, we systemically and quantitatively investigated biased expression of key small non-coding RNA (smRNA) subpopulations from LM CSF extracellular vesicles (EVs) via a unique smRNA sequencing method. The analyzed subpopulations included microRNA (miRNA), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), Y RNA, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA), vault RNA (vtRNA), novel miRNA, etc. Here, among identified miRNAs, miR-21, which was already known to play an essential oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, was thoroughly investigated via systemic biochemical, miR-21 sensor, and physiological cell-based approaches, with the goal of confirming its functionality and potential as a biomarker for the pathogenesis and diagnosis of LM. We herein uncovered LM CSF extravesicular smRNAs that may be associated with LM-related complications and elucidated plausible pathways that may mechanistically contribute to LM progression. In sum, the analyzed smRNA subpopulations will be useful as targets for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for LM and LM-related complications.

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