Plant biomolecule antimicrobials: an alternative control measures for food security and safety

SUMMARY Parasites are common in intensive or organics systems destined for chickens, which is more conducive to the emergence of gastrointestinal parasites, favored by direct contact with soil and other organisms. The growing demand for animal protein stimulates an expansion of production systems, increasing the stocking density. Outdoor poultry breeding systems (organic or not) that enable lower population density and higher animal welfare does not exclude these animals the presence of environmental pathogens. The control of gastrointestinal helminthosis in non-organic intensive and extensive systems is accomplished by administering anthelmintics with high cost and results unsatisfactory due to the misuse of drugs with consequent selection parasite strains resistant to chemical bases. This problem stimulate research into alternative control measures. Nematophagous fungi are used by its enzymatic action in controlled conditions and how environmental biocontrolers of larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. This study evaluated the capacity of conidia/chlamydospores of nematophagous fungi as Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 and CG722) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34A) for cross the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and yours germination after traffic and predatory activity “in vitro” on larvae of Panagrellus spp. Fungi conidia/chlamydospores was identified in feces of chickens at times of 6, 12 and 24 hours after administration and spores viability was found after observing the germination, mycelial growth, followed by production of traps, capture and death of Panagrellus spp larvae in feces. Fungi Nematophagous are alternative control measures, efficient and innovative technology for the biological control of helminth parasites of chickens.

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Particular Structure of Plasmopara viticola Populations Evolved Under Greek Island Conditions

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-0501 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 501-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Artemis Rumbou ◽

Cesare Gessler

Keyword(s):

Genotypic Diversity ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Control Measures ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Limited Variation ◽

Mediterranean Island ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

Asexual Form ◽

Of Greece ◽

Greek Island

Plasmopara viticola populations collected from three islands in the Ionian Sea—an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Greece—were analyzed with microsatellite molecular markers in order to investigate the pathogen population structure. Downy mildew populations from mainland regions previously studied were found to have high genotypic diversity and limited clonality; however, populations under Mediterranean island conditions mostly showed limited variation and the epidemics basically were driven by the multiple clonal infections of one or a few genotypes. Populations from different islands were differentiated from each other, whereas genetic divergence also was found among subpopulations of the same plot. Polyploid individuals and individuals that overwintered in asexual form were observed in some cases. The findings obtained by this population genetics study improve our understanding of the biology of the pathogen and lead to potential alternative control measures for the disease.

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Evaluation of efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.7 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 65-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Erika M. Töth ◽

K. Márialigeti ◽

A. Fodor ◽

A. Lucskai ◽

R. Farkas

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Lucilia Sericata ◽

Control Measures ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Killing Effect ◽

Cutaneous Myiasis ◽

Heat Tolerant ◽

Primary Agent

The blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is the primary agent of cutaneous myiasis of sheep in northern Europe, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. As the application of chemicals has several disadvantages, alternative control measures of traumatic myiasis of livestock must be developed. In this study, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as potential biocontrol agents against second instar larvae of Lucilia sericata was considered. The following nematode species were tested: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (IS 5, HHU 1, Hmo1, HNC 1, HAZ 36, Hbrecon, HHU 2, HAZ 29, HHP 88, HHU 3, HHU 4 and HGua), Steinernema intermedia, NC513 strain of S. glaserii, S. anomali, S. riobrave, Steinernema sp. and 5 strains of S. feltiae (22, Vija Norway, HU 1, scp, and IS 6). None of the examined EPN species or strains showed larvicidal efficacy at 37°C (no killing effect was observed in the case of the two heat-tolerant strains - H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae) against L. sericata larvae. At lower temperatures (20°C and 25°C) only strainsof S. feltiae were found to be active. The overall odds ratios calculated for L. sericata maggots to contract S. feltiae nematode infection show significant (p < 0.05) effect only in the case of strains HU 1, 22 and IS 6. In the case of strains HU 1 and 22 parasitic forms of S. feltiae could be detected in the dead larvae of L. sericata. Strain IS 6 (and also Vija Norway at 20°C) penetrated and killed fly larvae, but only adult forms of the nematode occurred in the cadavers.

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Development of New Boric Acid Gel Baits for Use on Invasive Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Sociobiology ◽

10.13102/sociobiology.v67i1.4438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lekhnath Kafle ◽

Anil Chandra Neupane ◽

Yu-Min Wang ◽

Samantha Rose Gangai

Keyword(s):

Boric Acid ◽

Control Measure ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Current Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Invasive Ants ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

The Common ◽

Acid Gel

The current control measures used against common household ants in urban and agricultural settings include perimeter insecticide applications. These often have the potential to cause problems of poisoning non-target organisms, due to the insecticidal runoff and environmental contamination. A gel-baiting technique is the most effective tool to control ants with less insecticides released into the environment. In this study two commercial gel baits; the Boric acid (2.5% boric acid) and the Fipronil (0.01% fipronil) baits, were evaluated against laboratory made baits (lab baits). The lab baits, consisted of: 1.5% boric + fructose (F1.5), 1.5% boric acid + fructose + molasses (M1.5), 3% boric acid + fructose (F3), and 3% boric + fructose + molasses (M3) were evaluated based on preference and mortality rates of the common household ant species: the Asian needle ant, Monomorium chinensis, Santschi, and the Yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Smith, under laboratory conditions. An inconsistent preference was observed between species and different baits; however, the fipronil bait and the lab bait M3, were preferred more by both ant species compared to the other baits tested. Lab bait M3 also had a faster killing speed than the boric acid bait and the lab bait F3.Based on the results it was concluded that lab bait M3 was a more efficient ant bait and is a potential alternative control measure to the current commercial baits.

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First-Time Presence of African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II in Nigeria

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00350-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (26) ◽

Author(s):

Adeyinka J. Adedeji ◽

Pam D. Luka ◽

Rebecca B. Atai ◽

Toyin A. Olubade ◽

Dupe A. Hambolu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

West Africa ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Control Measures ◽

Virus Genotype ◽

Partial Sequencing ◽

First Time ◽

Genotype Ii

A confirmed African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in Nigeria was further investigated by partial sequencing of B464L and E183L genes of the ASF virus (ASFV). Results revealed the first-time presence of ASFV genotype II in Nigeria and West Africa. This finding has serious implications for control measures and food security.

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Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests

10.1071/9780643105218 ◽

1993 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Control Measures ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Public Concern ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Insect Pest Control ◽

Biological Control Of Insects ◽

Increasing Demand

Environmental and public health problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides have led to an increasing demand for alternatives for insect pest control. Together with this, widespread public concern resulting in governmental bans on many of the most effective insecticides and development of insecticide resistance has severely reduced the range of useful insecticides available. Alternative control measures such as the biological control of pest insects with parasitoids and predators and microbial biocides have been in field use for several decades. Although these alternatives are being continually improved, most insect pests are nonetheless still controlled with chemical insecticides. This book presents the latest work on the biological control of insects using nematodes; it covers a range of topics that will help provide a better understanding of the potential problems involved in developing these nematodes as biological control agents. Nematodes infect hundreds of different species from most orders of insects and affect their insect hosts in a variety of ways.

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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL MEASURES FOR BLOSSOM BLIGHT IN COMMERCIAL APPLE AND PEAR ORCHARDS

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.1999.489.97 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 559-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.I. Breth ◽

A. Bentley ◽

M.T. Momol ◽

H.S. Aldwinckle

Keyword(s):

Control Measures ◽

Alternative Control

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Insecticidal Activity of Compounds of Plant Origin on Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10100360 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 360

Author(s):

Marcelle L. Dias ◽

Alexander M. Auad ◽

Milena C. Magno ◽

Tiago T. Resende ◽

Marcy G. Fonseca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticidal Activity ◽

Population Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

The Other ◽

High Rate ◽

Botanical Insecticides ◽

Plant Origin ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Natural Insecticide

The damage caused by spittlebugs varies according to the species of grass, and the losses can reach alarming levels. Measures for population control are currently restricted to the use of resistant grasses and the diversification of pastures. Therefore, alternative control measures are necessary, such as the use of botanical insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activities of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and trans-anethole on Mahanarva spectabilis eggs, nymphs, and adults under laboratory conditions. In the egg tests, treatments with eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol showed the highest mortalities, presenting efficiencies higher than 85% after 48 h of application. In the nymph tests, the treatments with thymol and carvacrol at 2.5% and eugenol at 2.0% and 2.5% showed intermediate efficiencies, with values above 61%. The highest mortality was observed in the treatment with trans-anethole at 2.5%, with an efficiency of 95%. In the tests with adults, only treatment with trans-anethole at 2.5% obtained an efficiency reaching 90%; in the other treatments, the efficiency did not exceed 51%. These results showed that, at these concentrations, trans-anethole presents a high rate of insecticidal activity on M. spectabilis nymphs and adults and, therefore, is recommended as a potential natural insecticide for the control of this pest.

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