Direct methods | ScienceGate

Gold liposomes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100166956 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 898-899

Author(s):

James F. Hainfeld

Keyword(s):

Direct Methods ◽

Important Class ◽

Double Bonds ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Essential Ingredient ◽

Lipid Structures

Lipids are an important class of molecules, being found in membranes, HDL, LDL, and other natural structures, serving essential roles in structure and with varied functions such as compartmentalization and transport. Synthetic liposomes are also widely used as delivery and release vehicles for drugs, cosmetics, and other chemicals; soap is made from lipids. Lipids may form bilayer or multilammellar vesicles, micelles, sheets, tubes, and other structures. Lipid molecules may be linked to proteins, carbohydrates, or other moieties. EM study of this essential ingredient of life has lagged, due to lack of direct methods to visualize lipids without extensive alteration. OsO4 reacts with double bonds in membrane phospholipids, forming crossbridges. This has been the method of choice to both fix and stain membranes, thus far. An earlier work described the use of tungstate clusters (W11) attached to lipid moieties to form lipid structures and lipid probes.

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High performance Nanogold™-in situ hybridzation and its use in the detection of hybridized and PCR-amplified microscopical preparations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100166944 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 896-897

Author(s):

G. W. Hacker ◽

I. Zehbe ◽

J. Hainfeld ◽

A.-H. Graf ◽

C. Hauser-Kronberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

High Performance ◽

Detection System ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Protein Encoding ◽

Polymerase Chain

In situ hybridization (ISH) with biotin-labeled probes is increasingly used in histology, histopathology and molecular biology, to detect genetic nucleic acid sequences of interest, such as viruses, genetic alterations and peptide-/protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA). In situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (PCR in situ hybridization = PISH) and the new in situ self-sustained sequence replication-based amplification (3SR) method even allow the detection of single copies of DNA or RNA in cytological and histological material. However, there is a number of considerable problems with the in situ PCR methods available today: False positives due to mis-priming of DNA breakdown products contained in several types of cells causing non-specific incorporation of label in direct methods, and re-diffusion artefacts of amplicons into previously negative cells have been observed. To avoid these problems, super-sensitive ISH procedures can be used, and it is well known that the sensitivity and outcome of these methods partially depend on the detection system used.

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Proteins and direct methods

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1524/zkri.1991.197.3-4.197 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 197 (3-4) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fan Hai-fu ◽

Hao Quan ◽

M. M. Woolfson

Keyword(s):

First Principles ◽

Figure Of Merit ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Large Structure ◽

Low Resolution ◽

Figures Of Merit ◽

Large Structures ◽

Resolution Data

AbstractConventional direct methods, which work so well for small structures, are less successful for macromolecules. Where it has been demonstrated that a solution might be found using direct methods it is then found that the usual figures of merit are unable to distinguish the few good sets of phases from the large number of sets generated. The reasons for the difficulties with very large structures are considered from a first-principles approach taking into account both the factors of having a large number of atoms and low resolution data. A proposal is made for trying to recognize good phase sets by taking a large structure as a sum of a number of smaller structures for each of which a conventional figure of merit can be applied.

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Crystal structure determination of the conformation of two bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-ones

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v85-198 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 1166-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

John F. Richardson ◽

Ted S. Sorensen

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Chair Conformation ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Boat Conformation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Space Group ◽

X Ray ◽

Final Agreement

The molecular structures of exo-7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one, 3, and the endo-7-methyl isomer, 4, have been determined using X-ray-diffraction techniques. Compound 3 crystallizes in the space group [Formula: see text] with a = 15.115(1), c = 7.677(2) Å, and Z = 8 while 4 crystallizes in the space group P21 with a = 6.446(1), b = 7.831(1), c = 8.414(2) Å, β = 94.42(2)°, and Z = 2. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to final agreement factors of R = 0.041 and R = 0.034 for 3 and 4 respectively. Compound 3 exists in a chair–chair conformation and there is no significant flattening of the chair rings. However, in 4, the non-ketone ring is forced into a boat conformation. These results are significant in interpreting what conformations may be present in the related sp2-hybridized carbocations.

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Iterative solution of elliptic difference equations using fast direct methods

10.1145/1480083.1480175 ◽

1972 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Concus

Keyword(s):

Difference Equations ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Iterative Solution ◽

Elliptic Difference

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The controllability of linear descriptor systems using direct methods

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1899 (1) ◽

pp. 012114

Author(s):

Arman ◽

Norma Muhtar ◽

Rosliana Eso ◽

Rasas Raya

Keyword(s):

Direct Methods ◽

Descriptor Systems

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Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Metal Adamantyl 2-Pyridylhydrazone Complexes

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25112530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 2530

Author(s):

Ihsan A. Shehadi ◽

Fatima-Azzahra Delmani ◽

Areej M. Jaber ◽

Hana Hammad ◽

Murad A. AlDamen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Cancer Cell Line ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Colorectal Cancer Cell Line ◽

Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Human Cancer Cell Lines

Four new complexes derived from adamantly containing hydrazone (APH) ligand with Cu(II) (1), Co(II) (2), Ni(II) (3) and Zn(II) (4), have been synthesized and characterized using different physicochemical methods. The structure of the ligand APH and its copper complex 1 have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction direct methods, which reveal that complex 1 has distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Complexes 1–4 are screened against seven human cancer cell lines namely, breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231), prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145) and the colorectal cancer cell line Coco-2, for their antiproliferative activities. Complex 1 has shown a promising anticancer activity compared to the other ones. The structural and spectroscopic analysis of APH and its complexes are confirmed by DFT calculations.

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Diurnal variation of leukocyte counts affects the indirect estimation of reference intervals

LaboratoriumsMedizin ◽

10.1515/labmed-2020-0132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Antje Torge ◽

Rainer Haeckel ◽

Mustafa Özcürümez ◽

Alexander Krebs ◽

Ralf Junker

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Variation ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Indirect Estimation ◽

Late Afternoon ◽

Reference Limits ◽

Leukocyte Counts

Abstract It has been observed that the estimation of reference intervals of leukocytes in whole venous blood leads to higher upper reference limits (uRLs) with indirect methods than has been reported in the literature determined by direct approaches. This phenomenon was reinvestigated with a newer, more advanced indirect method, and could be confirmed. Furthermore, a diurnal variation was observed with lower values during the morning and higher values in the late afternoon and at night. This observation can explain why indirect approaches using samples collected during 24 h lead to higher uRLs than direct methods applied on samples collected presumably in the morning.

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