More milkweed in farmlands containing small, annual crop fields and many hedgerows

Background: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most known virus in the plant mosaic virus family and is able to infect a wide range of crops, in particularly tobacco, causing a production loss. Objectives: Herein, and for the first time in Lebanon, we investigated the presence of TMV infection in crops by analyzing 88 samples of tobacco, tomato, cucumber and pepper collected from different regions in North Lebanon. Methods: Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), revealed a potential TMV infection of four tobacco samples out of 88 crops samples collected. However, no tomato, cucumber and pepper samples were infected. The TMV+ tobacco samples were then extensively analyzed by RT-PCR to detect viral RNA using different primers covering all the viral genome. Results and Discussion: PCR results confirmed those of DAS-ELISA showing TMV infection of four tobacco samples collected from three crop fields of North Lebanon. In only one of four TMV+ samples, we were able to amplify almost all the regions of viral genome, suggesting possible mutations in the virus genome or an infection with a new, not yet identified, TMV strain. Conclusion: Our study is the first in Lebanon revealing TMV infection in crop fields, and highlighting the danger that may affect the future of agriculture.

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MANAJEMEN DATA SPASIAL: PENGGUNAAN TANAH WILAYAH PEDESAAN DI SUMATERA BARAT

Jurnal Spasial ◽

10.22202/js.v5i2.3090 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Afrital Rezki, S.Pd., M.Si ◽

Erna Juita ◽

Dasrizal Dasrizal ◽

Arie Zella Putra Ulni

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Primary Forest ◽

Land Uses ◽

Forest Land ◽

Land Use Patterns ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Mixed Plantations

Perkembangan penggunaan tanah bergerak horisontal secara spasial ke arah wilayah yang mudah diusahakan. Penggunaan tanah juga bergerak secara vertikal dalam rangka menaikkan mutunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola penggunaan lahan, bagaimana manajemen penggunaan lahan di satu wilayah berdasarkan batas Nagari. Metode yang digunakan adalah analsisis spasial dengan interpretasi citra penginderaan jauh, survey lapangan, dan analisis deskriptif. Pertumbuhan pemukiman Nagari Sungai Sariak Kecamatan VII Koto Kabupaten Padang Pariaman mengakibatkan pemanfaatan ruang menjadi tumpang tindih. Diperlukan cara-cara pengelolaan dan managemen penggunaan tanah dalam rangka pembangunan berkelanjutan yang menaikkan taraf hidup masyarakat dan tidak menimbulkan kerugian lingkungan.Terdapat 9 jenis penggunaan lahan yang ada di Nagari Sungai Sariak. Penggunaan lahan tersebut adalah Primary Forest, Secondary Forest, Paddy Field, Settlement, Mixed Plantations, Crop Fields, Water Bodies, Bushes, dan Plantations. Penggunaan lahan yang paling luas di Nagari Sungai Sariak adalah jenis penggunaan lahan Primary Forest, sebesar 48% dari total luas wilayah Nagari Sungai Sariak. Pada tahun 2011 sampai tahun 2016, penggunaan lahan paling luas terjadi pada penggunaan lahan jenis Primary Forest yang kemudian menjadi Mixed Plantations. Land use Changes moved horizontally spatially towards areas that are easily cultivated. The land use also moves vertically in order to increase its quality. This study aims to analyze land use patterns, how land use management in one area is based on Nagari boundaries. The method used is spatial analysis with interpretation of remote sensing images, field surveys, and descriptive analysis. The growth of Nagari Sungai Sariak in Kecamatan VII Koto, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman resulted in overlapping use of space. Management methods are needed and management of land use in the framework of sustainable development that raises the standard of living of the community and does not cause environmental losses. There are 9 types of land use in the Nagari Sungai Sariak. The land uses are Primary Forest, Secondary Forest, Paddy Field, Settlement, Mixed Plantations, Crop Fields, Water Bodies, Bushes, and Plantations. The most extensive land use in Nagari Sungai Sariak is the type of Primary Forest land use, amounting to 48% of the total area of the Nagari Sungai Sariak. From 2011 to 2016, the most extensive land use occurred in Primary Forest land uses which later became Mixed Plantations.

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Location of Biorefineries Based on Olive-Derived Biomass in Andalusia, Spain

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14113052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3052

Author(s):

Diego Cardoza ◽

Inmaculada Romero ◽

Teresa Martínez ◽

Encarnación Ruiz ◽

Francisco J. Gallego ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Point Of View ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽

Olive Stones

A biorefinery integrated process based on lignocellulosic feedstock is especially interesting in rural areas with a high density of agricultural and agro-industrial wastes, which is the case for olive crop areas and their associated industries. In the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, the provinces of Jaén, Córdoba and Seville accumulate more than 70% of the olive wastes generated in Spain. Therefore, the valorisation of these wastes is a matter of interest from both an environmental and a social point of view. The olive biorefinery involves a multi-product process from different raw materials: olive leaves, exhausted olive pomace, olive stones and olive tree pruning residues. Biorefinery processes associated with these wastes would allow their valorisation to produce bioenergy and high value-added renewable products. In this work, using geographic information system tools, the biomass from olive crop fields, mills and olive pomace-extracting industries, where these wastes are generated, was determined and quantified in the study area. In addition, the vulnerability of the territory was evaluated through an environmental and territorial analysis that allowed for the determination of the reception capacity of the study area. Then, information layers corresponding to the availability of the four biomass wastes, and layers corresponding to the environmental fragility of the study area were overlapped and they resulted in an overall map. This made it possible to identify the best areas for the implementation of the biorefineries based on olive-derived biomass. Finally, as an example, three zones were selected for this purpose. These locations corresponded to low fragility areas with a high availability of biomass (more than 300,000 tons/year) in a 30 km radius, which would ensure the biomass supply.

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Soil use in pre‐Hispanic and historical crop fields in the Guatacondo Ravine, northern Chile (2400 years BP): A geoarchaeological and paleobotanic approach

Geoarchaeology ◽

10.1002/gea.21833 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Camila Segura ◽

Ale Vidal ◽

Antonio Maldonado ◽

Mauricio Uribe

Keyword(s):

Northern Chile ◽

Crop Fields

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Nidicolous beetle species richness is driven by Barn Owl’s nests occupancy and landscape structure

Journal of Ornithology ◽

10.1007/s10336-021-01875-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vivien Cosandey ◽

Robin Séchaud ◽

Paul Béziers ◽

Yannick Chittaro ◽

Andreas Sanchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Landscape Structure ◽

Barn Owl ◽

Arthropod Community ◽

Tyto Alba ◽

Nest Material ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Nest Boxes ◽

Bird Droppings ◽

Barn Owls

AbstractBird nests are specialized habitats because of their particular composition including nest detritus and bird droppings. In consequence, they attract a specialized arthropod community considered as nidicolous, which includes species only found in bird nests (strictly nidicolous) or sometimes found in bird nests (facultatively nidicolous). Because the factors influencing the entomofauna in bird nests are poorly understood, in autumn 2019, we collected nest material in 86 Barn Owl (Tyto alba) nest boxes. We investigated whether the invertebrate species richness was related to Barn Owl nest box occupancy, the density of available nest boxes and the landscape structure. We found 3,321 nidicolous beetle specimens belonging to 24 species. Species richness of strictly nidicolous beetles was 2.7 times higher in nest boxes occupied by a family of Barn Owls the previous spring compared to unoccupied nest boxes. It was also higher in sites that were more often occupied by Barn Owls in the five previous years and in areas surrounded by a higher proportion of crop fields. For facultatively nidicolous beetles, the density of Barn Owl nest boxes enhanced the species richness. In conclusion, our study suggests that the strictly nidicolous beetles benefit from occupied nest boxes of Barn Owls, whereas facultatively nidicolous beetles look for nest boxes independently of whether Barn Owls occupy them. Our study highlights the importance of bird nests for a suite of invertebrates.

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Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11060502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 502

Author(s):

Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola ◽

Frédéric Francis

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Vector Behaviour ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Host Seeking ◽

The Impact ◽

Vector Efficiency

Aphids are responsible for the spread of more than half of the known phytovirus species. Virus transmission within the plant–aphid–phytovirus pathosystem depends on vector mobility which allows the aphid to reach its host plant and on vector efficiency in terms of ability to transmit phytoviruses. However, several other factors can influence the phytoviruses transmission process and have significant epidemiological consequences. In this review, we aimed to analyse the aphid behaviours and influencing factors affecting phytovirus spread. We discussed the impact of vector host-seeking and dispersal behaviours mostly involved in aphid-born phytovirus spread but also the effect of feeding behaviours and life history traits involved in plant–aphid–phytovirus relationships on vector performances. We also noted that these behaviours are influenced by factors inherent to the interactions between pathosystem components (mode of transmission of phytoviruses, vector efficiency, plant resistance, …) and several biological, biochemical, chemical or physical factors related to the environment of these pathosystem components, most of them being manipulated as means to control vector-borne diseases in the crop fields.

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Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) Control with Sequential Applications of Glyphosate and Clethodim to Dicamba

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.31 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Clay M. Perkins ◽

Thomas C. Mueller ◽

Lawrence E. Steckel

Keyword(s):

Glyphosate Resistance ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Row Crop ◽

Excellent Control ◽

Sequential Treatments

Abstract Junglerice is becoming more prevalent in Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi row crop fields. The evolution of glyphosate-resistant junglerice populations is one reason for the increase. Another possible explanation is that glyphosate and clethodim grass activity is being antagonized by dicamba. This question has led to research to examine if sequential applications alleviate antagonism observed with dicamba plus glyphosate and/or clethodim mixtures and determine if 24 h, 72 h or 168 h sequential treatments of those herbicides can improve junglerice control. Glyphosate + clethodim applications provided >90% junglerice control. The observed levels of antagonism varied by whether the location of the test was in the greenhouse or the field and the timing of applications. In the greenhouse, clethodim + dicamba provided excellent control while in the field the same treatment showed over a 30% reduction in junglerice control compared with clethodim alone. However, control was restored by using a mixture of glyphosate + clethodim without dicamba. The environment at the time of application and relative glyphosate-resistance (GR) level of the junglerice influenced the overall control of these sequential applications. Clethodim applied first followed by dicamba at 72 or 168 h, better control was observed compared with applying dicamba followed by clethodim. Overall, mixing glyphosate + clethodim provided the most complete junglerice control regardless of timing. These data confirm that leaving dicamba out of the spray tank will mitigate herbicide antagonism on junglerice control. These data would also indicate that avoiding dicamba and glyphosate mixtures will also improve the consistency of control with glyphosate-susceptible junglerice.

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Floral Plantings in Large-Scale Commercial Agroecosystems Support Both Pollinators and Arthropod Predators

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12020091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Eric G. Middleton ◽

Ian V. MacRae ◽

Christopher R. Philips

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Field Margins ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Pollinator Abundance ◽

Arthropod Predators ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Insect Populations ◽

Beneficial Insect ◽

Potato Crops

Beneficial insect populations and the services that they provide are in decline, largely due to agricultural land use and practices. Establishing perennial floral plantings in the unused margins of crop fields can help conserve beneficial pollinators and predators in commercial agroecosystems. We assessed the impacts of floral plantings on both pollinators and arthropod predators when established adjacent to conventionally managed commercial potato fields. Floral plantings significantly increased the abundance of pollinators within floral margins compared with unmanaged margins. Increased floral cover within margins led to significantly greater pollinator abundance as well. The overall abundance of arthropod predators was also significantly increased in floral plantings, although it was unrelated to the amount of floral cover. Within adjacent potato crops, the presence of floral plantings in field margins had no effect on the abundance of pollinators or predators, although higher floral cover in margins did marginally increase in-crop pollinator abundance. Establishing floral plantings of this kind on a large scale in commercial agroecosystems can help conserve both pollinators and predators, but may not increase ecosystem services in nearby crops.

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