Meat sharing among the Gombe chimpanzees: harassment and reciprocal exchange

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Gilby
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Meat Sharing

scholarly journals Non-reciprocal but peaceful fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 335-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Meat Sharing

Food sharing is considered to be a driving force in the evolution of cooperation in human societies. Previously postulated hypotheses for the mechanism and evolution of food sharing, e.g., reciprocity and sharing-under-pressure, were primarily proposed on the basis of meat sharing in chimpanzees. However, food sharing in bonobos has some remarkably different characteristics. Here I report details pertaining to fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba based on 150 events of junglesop fruit sharing between independent individuals. The bonobos, primarily adult females, shared fruit that could be obtained individually without any cooperation or specialized skills. There was no evidence for reciprocal exchange, and their peaceful sharing seems to contradict the sharing-under-pressure explanation. Subordinate females begged for abundant fruit from dominants; this might indicate that they tested the dominants’ tolerance based on social bonds rather than simply begging for the food itself, suggesting existence of courtesy food sharing in bonobos.

scholarly journals INDUCTION OF INTRACHROMOSOMAL RECOMBINATION IN YEAST BY INHIBITION OF THYMIDYLATE BIOSYNTHESIS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-392
Author(s):  
B A Kunz ◽  
G R Taylor ◽  
R H Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Conversion ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Repeated Dna ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Haploid Strain ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Coli Plasmid ◽  
Antifolate Drugs

ABSTRACT The biosynthesis of thymidylate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be inhibited by antifolate drugs. We have found that antifolate treatment enhances the formation of leucine prototrophs in a haploid strain of yeast carrying, on the same chromosome, two different mutant leu2 alleles separated by Escherichia coli plasmid sequences. That this effect is a consequence of thymine nucleotide depletion was verified by the finding that provision of exogenous thymidylate eliminates the increased production of Leu+ colonies. DNA hybridization analysis revealed that recombination, including reciprocal exchange, gene conversion and unequal sister-chromatid crossing over, between the duplicated genes gave rise to the induced Leu+ segregants. Although gene conversion unaccompanied by crossing over was responsible for the major fraction of leucine prototrophs, events involving reciprocal exchange exhibited the largest increase in frequency. These data show that recombination is induced between directly repeated DNA sequences under conditions of thymine nucleotide depletion. In addition, the results of this and previous studies are consistent with the possibility that inhibition of thymidylate biosynthesis in yeast may create a metabolic condition that provokes all forms of mitotic recombination.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF TRITIUM-LABELED DNA AMONG CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Herbert Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Sister Chromatid Exchanges ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Chromatid Exchanges

Thymidine-H3 of high specific activity was used to study the distribution of labeled chromatids during meiotic divisions in spermatocytes of a species of grasshopper (Orthoptera). The distribution is regularly semiconservative as has been shown previously for mitosis, i.e., all chromatids are labeled after incorporation of thymidine-H3 into DNA at premeiotic interphase. If incorporation occurs at the interphase preceding this one, the chromosomes arrive at meiotic divisions with the equivalent of one chromatid of each homologue labeled. Chromatid exchanges occur at a frequency which is very nearly that predicted on the assumption that each chiasma represents an exchange between homologous chromatids. However, the exchanges are randomly distributed among chromosomes in a size group, whereas chiasmata are not. A quantitative analysis of the frequency and pattern of exchanges indicates that most of these result from breakage and reciprocal exchange between homologous chromatids. Sister chromatid exchanges are much less frequent and may be limited to premeiotic stages.

The Religious Conversion Process Among the Sidāma of North-East Africa

Africa ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hamer
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
North East ◽  
New Religion ◽  
Exchange Relations

AbstractThis article analyses the conversion process and the experiences of the Sidāma, in being proselytised by Protestant missionaries in an attempt to integrate them into the modernising Ethiopian state. The conversion process is considered in terms of reasons for accepting or rejecting the new religion. A minority of Sidāma are shown to have changed from old beliefs and practices, partly because of the ease of moral reinterpretation and secular incentives, but primarily because of dissatisfaction with reciprocal exchange relations with indigenous spirits and a desire to transcend the finality of death. In advancing this proposition it rejects the possibility of Sidāma beliefs as constituting a closed system of cosmology. Though Islam is also present in the region, for political and economic reasons it has been less attractive to prospective converts than Christianity.

Social transitions in the Savannah

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-547
Author(s):  
Ayodele O. Majekodunmi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore social risk management strategies amongst Fulani in the subhumid zone of Nigeria; and second, to determine current status and nature of reciprocal exchange networks, risk pooling and social support for pastoral livelihoods in North-Central Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Surveys of cattle productivity and pastoral livelihoods were carried out amongst Fulani pastoralists on the Jos Plateau: between 2008 and 2013 using participatory epidemiology methods and the sustainable livelihoods framework. Qualitative and quantitative data on livelihood activities, knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal husbandry and disease control, wealth grouping, herd entries and exits was gathered to determine the current state of cattle productivity and pastoral livelihoods in the study area. Findings Results show that reciprocal exchange networks for risk management have mostly disintegrated and patron-client relationships have become an important social risk management strategy. Practical implications This research has significant implications for sustainability of Fulani livelihoods and communities: decreased social risk-management strategies and increased self-reliance means that the most vulnerable households will find it more difficult to withstand shocks and climb out of poverty. Wealthier households may cope better with high incidence/low severity shocks like but are more vulnerable to low incidence/high severity shocks. Likewise, decreased social cohesion reduces the ability of communities to mobilise and act collectively in the face of community-level shocks. This is very important for engagement with the state – a crucial process, given current levels of acrimony and conflict. Originality/value Given the high levels of farmer-herder conflict and civil unrest in this region over the past 15 years this research is valuable in providing insights into economic drivers of conflict, current dynamics of pastoral livelihoods and social cohesion within and between communities.

Meiotic recombination between repeated transposable elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2942-2954
Author(s):  
M Kupiec ◽  
T D Petes
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Gene Conversion ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Ty Elements ◽  
Ty Element ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Gene Conversions ◽  
Conversion Tract

We have measured the frequency of meiotic recombination between marked Ty elements in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. These recombination events were usually nonreciprocal (gene conversions) and sometimes involved nonhomologous chromosomes. The frequency of ectopic gene conversion among Ty elements appeared lower than expected on the basis of previous studies of recombination between artificially constructed repeats. The conversion events involved either a subset of the total Ty elements in the genome or the conversion tract was restricted to a small region of the Ty element. In addition, the observed conversion events were very infrequently associated with reciprocal exchange.

Ritual Practice and Textual Representations

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
André J. Krischer
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Textual Representations ◽  
Ritual Process

Early modern diplomacy was never a princely and aristocratic province alone. Republics also sent and received diplomats or participated in peace conferences. Whereas this sort of republican diplomacy was basically accepted at the princely courts, Free Imperial Cities such as Bremen and Cologne faced significant difficulties when trying to gain recognition. Nonetheless, there were continuous efforts by the imperial cities to play their part in early modern diplomacy, not least because of the prestige that could be earned by participating in this sphere and its rituals. For them foreign relations were always a ritual process: ceremonial interaction was at its centre, since princely recognition of ceremonial receptions or urban emissaries conferred political and social acceptance of the imperial cities’ status. Ceremonial interaction between princes and cities often involved a reciprocal exchange of capital: of economic capital paid back as symbolic capital, as gestures of social recognition which were recorded in detail in the urban books of ceremony. Writing was therefore crucial for the symbolic dimensions of urban diplomacy. The imperial cities’ ceremony books were meant to be filled with reports about ceremony which were regarded as a gain of symbolic capital materialized in writing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document