844P Barriers to treatment for patients with lymphoma across Europe: Upper middle income versus high income countries

Occupational hazards as well as occupational injuries and diseases are frequent and serious problems not only in industrialized high-income countries, but also in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In high-income countries, the occurrence of occupational injuries and chemically-related disorders has decreased while psychosocial problems and issues for disabled, aging, and other vulnerable workers have increased. In the LMICs, “traditional” occupational hazards and related injuries and diseases are still a major concern. Globalization, while providing some benefits to workers, has presented many negative effects, such as transfer of hazardous technologies and substances to LMICs, widening of income gaps, and worsening of working conditions and worker income, especially for agricultural workers, those with little education, and informal workers. The chapter provides a global overview of work and workers as well occupational health and safety hazards and related challenges.

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Foods/Beverages and Nutrients Consumed by U.S. Adolescents When Snacking: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082530 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2530

Author(s):

Navika Gangrade ◽

Janet Figueroa ◽

Tashara M. Leak

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Income ◽

High Income ◽

Future Research ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Middle Income ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Income Ratio

Snacking contributes a significant portion of adolescents’ daily energy intake and is associated with poor overall diet and increased body mass index. Adolescents from low socioeconomic status (SES) households have poorer snacking behaviors than their higher-SES counterparts. However, it is unclear if the types of food/beverages and nutrients consumed during snacking differ by SES among adolescents. Therefore, this study examines SES disparities in the aforementioned snacking characteristics by analyzing the data of 7132 adolescents (12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018. Results reveal that adolescents from low-income households (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) ≤ 1.3) have lower odds of consuming the food/beverage categories “Milk and Dairy” (aOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.95; p = 0.007) and “Fruits” (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50–0.78; p = 0.001) as snacks and higher odds of consuming “Beverages” (aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.19-1.76; p = 0.001) compared to those from high-income households (PIR > 3.5). Additionally, adolescents from low- and middle-income (PIR > 1.3–3.5) households consume more added sugar (7.98 and 7.78 g vs. 6.66 g; p = 0.012, p = 0.026) and less fiber (0.78 and 0.77 g vs. 0.84 g; p = 0.044, p = 0.019) from snacks compared to their high-income counterparts. Future research is necessary to understand factors that influence snacking among adolescents, and interventions are needed, especially for adolescents from low-SES communities.

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An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao-Ning Li ◽

Ying Feng ◽

Pei-Ying Wu ◽

Yung-Ho Chiu

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

Income Group ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

High Income ◽

Environmental Efficiency ◽

Technical Level ◽

High Income Group ◽

Middle Income ◽

Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

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Air Pollution’s Impact on the Economic, Social, Medical, and Industrial Injury Environments in China

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9030261 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 261

Author(s):

Zhong Fang ◽

Pei-Ying Wu ◽

Yi-Nuo Lin ◽

Tzu-Han Chang ◽

Yung-ho Chiu

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Past Research ◽

Efficiency Score ◽

High Income ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Middle Income ◽

Safety And Health

In this era of rapid economic development, it is inevitable that economic activities eventually cause serious damage to the environment’s air quality, making it the focus of global public health. If the treatment efficiency of medical accidents can be improved, then this can significantly stabilize society and improve production efficiency. Past research has mainly focused on work safety and health issues, seldom discussing economic, social, medical, and environmental pollution issues together, and, most generally, adopted static methods that fail to recognize how air pollution affects the overall economy, society, medical care, and external environment. In order to more deeply understand the changes among social, economic activities, and environmental issues due to air pollution, this study proposes a meta-two-stage undesirable dynamic DDF (Direction Distance Function) that, under an exogenous model, divides the 30 provinces of China into high-income regions and middle-income regions and explores the economic, social, medical, and environmental efficiencies between the two areas to resolve the lack of related static analyses. The empirical results are as follows. (1) The AQI (air quality index) significantly impacts the efficiency of medical injuries in various regions. (2) When the AQI is considered, the medical insurance expenditure efficiency score value of high-income areas is lower than the value without the AQI. (3) When the AQI is considered, the efficiency value of the number of work injury insurance benefits in the middle-income area is lower than the efficiency value without the AQI.

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Adherence to Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: A Systemic Review of High-Income and Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13031038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1038

Author(s):

Ana Carolina B. Leme ◽

Sophia Hou ◽

Regina Mara Fisberg ◽

Mauro Fisberg ◽

Jess Haines

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Economic Status ◽

High Income ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Systemic Review ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Future Health ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

Research comparing the adherence to food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) across countries with different socio-economic status is lacking, which may be a concern for developing nutrition policies. The aim was to report on the adherence to FBDGs in high-income (HIC) and low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). A systematic review with searches in six databases was performed up to June 2020. English language articles were included if they investigated a population of healthy children and adults (7–65 years), using an observational or experimental design evaluating adherence to national FBDGs. Findings indicate that almost 40% of populations in both HIC and LMIC do not adhere to their national FBDGs. Fruit and vegetables (FV) were most adhered to and the prevalence of adhering FV guidelines was between 7% to 67.3%. HIC have higher consumption of discretionary foods, while results were mixed for LMIC. Grains and dairy were consumed below recommendations in both HIC and LMIC. Consumption of animal proteins (>30%), particularly red meat, exceeded the recommendations. Individuals from HIC and LMIC may be falling short of at least one dietary recommendation from their country’s guidelines. Future health policies, behavioral-change strategies, and dietary guidelines may consider these results in their development.

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Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments in low-middle-income versus high-income Asian countries and regions

Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1007/s00134-016-4347-y ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (7) ◽

pp. 1118-1127 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jason Phua ◽

◽

Gavin M. Joynt ◽

Masaji Nishimura ◽

Yiyun Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Income ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Middle Income

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Social Epidemiology and Global Mental Health: Expanding the Evidence from High-Income to Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Current Epidemiology Reports ◽

10.1007/s40471-017-0107-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 166-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Joanna Maselko

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Epidemiology ◽

Global Mental Health ◽

High Income ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Fractals ◽

10.1142/s0218348x01000816 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 09 (04) ◽

pp. 463-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

WATARU SOUMA

Keyword(s):

Income Distribution ◽

Asset Price ◽

Mean Value ◽

High Income ◽

Personal Income ◽

Middle Income ◽

The Mean ◽

Universal Structure ◽

Log Normal ◽

Log Normal Distribution

We investigate the Japanese personal income distribution in the high income range over the 112 years (1887–1998), and that in the middle income range over the 44 years (1955–1998). It is observed that the distribution pattern of the log-normal with power law tail is the universal structure. However, the indexes specifying the distribution differ from year to year. One of the index characterizing the distribution is the mean value of the log-normal distribution; the mean income in the middle income range. It is found that this value correlates linearly with the gross domestic product (GDP). To clarify the temporal change of the equality or inequality of the distribution, we analyze Pareto and Gibrat indexes, which characterize the distribution in the high income range and that in the middle income range, respectively. It is found for some years that there is no correlation between the high income and the middle income. It is also shown that the mean value of Pareto index equals to 2, and the change of this index is effected by the change of the asset price. From these analysis, we derive four constraints that must be satisfied by mathematical models.

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