The Relationship Between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Workload in Older Adults with and Without Pre-clinical Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. e9-e10
Author(s):  
Pedram Ahmadnezhad ◽  
Jeffrey Burns ◽  
Abiodun Akinwuntan ◽  
Hannes Devos
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Aerobic Fitness and Cognition Changes After Exercise Training in Alzheimer's Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Dereck L. Salisbury ◽  
Fang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently affects 5.4 million Americans and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The mechanism of exercise-induced brain adaptations are not fully understood, but enhanced aerobic fitness has been postulated as an essential physiological mechanism and is beginning to be studied. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the relationship between changes in aerobic fitness and cognition following 6 months of aerobic exercise training in older adults with AD. Methods: Twenty-seven community-dwelling older adults with mild to moderate AD completed a 6-month, 3 times per week, moderate-vigorous intensity cycling exercise program in 2 identical studies using a single-group repeated-measures designs. AD symptoms were measured with the AD Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), while aerobic fitness was assessed by the intermittent shuttle walk test (ISWT) at baseline and 6 months. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and linear regression were used to assess the relationship between changes in aerobic fitness and cognition. Results: Adjusted for age, the 6-month change in ISWT distance had an inverse relationship with the 6-month change in ADAS-Cog (r = −0.49; P = .01), indicating that enhanced aerobic fitness was associated with improved cognitive changes. Linear regression was statistically significant when adjusted by age (F([2,14] =5.33, P =.01, R2 = .31). Conclusion: Enhanced aerobic fitness may attenuate cognitive decline in persons with mild to moderate AD.

Cognitive reserve predicts future executive function decline in older adults with Alzheimer's disease pathology but not age-associated pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Cathryn McKenzie ◽  
Romola S. Bucks ◽  
Michael Weinborn ◽  
Pierrick Bourgeat ◽  
Olivier Salvado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Reserve

Home-Based Exercise Program Improves Balance and Fear of Falling in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana P. Padala ◽  
Prasad R. Padala ◽  
Shelly Y. Lensing ◽  
Richard A. Dennis ◽  
Melinda M. Bopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

scholarly journals Neuropsychological Test Performance and Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Aging and the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum: A Theoretically Driven Factor Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan B. Mitchell ◽  
Lynn W. Shaughnessy ◽  
Steven D. Shirk ◽  
Frances M. Yang ◽  
Alireza Atri
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Control Group

AbstractAccurate measurement of cognitive function is critical for understanding the disease course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Detecting cognitive change over time can be confounded by level of premorbid intellectual function or cognitive reserve and lead to under- or over-diagnosis of cognitive impairment and AD. Statistical models of cognitive performance that include cognitive reserve can improve sensitivity to change and clinical efficacy. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test a four-factor model composed of memory/language, processing speed/executive function, attention, and cognitive reserve factors in a group of cognitively healthy older adults and a group of participants along the spectrum of amnestic mild cognitive impairment to AD (aMCI-AD). The model showed excellent fit for the control group (χ2 = 100; df = 78; CFI = .962; RMSEA = .049) and adequate fit for the aMCI-AD group (χ2 = 1750; df = 78; CFI = .932; RMSEA = .085). Although strict invariance criteria were not met, invariance testing to determine if factor structures are similar across groups yielded acceptable absolute model fits and provide evidence in support of configural, metric, and scalar invariance. These results provide further support for the construct validity of cognitive reserve in healthy and memory impaired older adults. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)

scholarly journals 402 - Cognitive reserve and linguistic skills in Spanish older adults with Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Cristina G. Dumitrache ◽  
Laura Rubio ◽  
Nuria Calet ◽  
José Andrés González ◽  
Ian C. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Global Deterioration Scale ◽  
Age Related

Background:Cognitive reserve, or the extent to which brain can cope with damage, is associated with extended healthy aging and with slow age-related cognitive decline, as well as a lower number of dementia-associated clinical cognitive signs. Thus, understanding how cognitive reserve might affect different cognitive abilities is important. This study aims at investigating the associations between cognitive reserve and linguistic abilities in a group of Spanish older adults with Alzheimer’s disease.Method:The sample comprised 25 older adults with a clinical diagnostic of AD with mild to moderate dementia, and 25 controls who were residing in care homes from the province of Granada and with ages between 52 and 92 years old (M= 83.40, SD= 7.18). The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Global Deterioration Scale, the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, and the Short Form of the Boston Naming Test for Individuals with Aphasia were used to collect data. Correlations and regression analysis were performed.Results:Results showed that cognitive reserve positively and significantly correlated with naming and with phonological fluency but not with semantic fluency word or sentence repetitions or with the global cognitive functioning and the severity of cognitive impairment. The regression analysis showed that cognitive reserve explained 24.7% of the variance in spontaneous naming (F=3.764, p=.039). On the contrary cognitive reserve did not predict verbal fluency.Conclusions:People with higher cognitive reserve score obtained higher scores in phonological fluency and in spontaneous naming and in naming after a semantic clue. Thus, cognitive reserve is linked with better linguistic abilities in AD patients and therefore it should be considered when designing speech therapy interventions for these patients.

Head Circumference as a Measure of Cognitive Reserve

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Graves ◽  
J. A. Mortimer ◽  
E. B. Larson ◽  
A. Wenzlow ◽  
J. D. Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundRecent studies suggest that larger brain size may offer some protection against the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. However, this association has not been investigated in population-based studies.MethodThe relationship between head circumference, a measure of premorbid brain size, and score on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) was studied in a population of 1985 Japanese–Americans aged 65+ living in King County, Washington, USA.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex and education, head circumference was positively associated with CASI score (b=3.8, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.4; P=0.0000), but not with diagnosis of probable AD (odds ratio=0.87, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.87). When the data were stratified by AD status, no association was seen among controls (b=1.6, 95% CI: – 1.7, 5.1; P=0.4), whereas a strong effect was present among cases (b=35.3, 95% CI: 12.2, 58.4: P=0.006).ConclusionsThese results suggest that persons with AD with smaller head circumference either had the disease longer or progressed more rapidly than those with larger head circumference. Improvement in environmental factors in prenatal and early life that partially determine completed brain/head size may have consequences for the late-life expression of Alzheimer's disease in vulnerable individuals.

RAGE and Aβ Immunoglobulins: Relation to Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive function

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEGHAN B. MITCHELL ◽  
JERRY J. BUCCAFUSCO ◽  
ROSANN F. SCHADE ◽  
SCOTT J. WEBSTER ◽  
SHYAMALA MRUTHINTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe immunoglobulins (IgGs) for beta amyloid (Aβ) and receptors for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) have previously been shown to be related to memory and language measures in a mixed neurological sample of older adults. In this study, we examined group differences in Aβ and RAGE IgGs, as well as the relationship between both IgGs and cognitive performance in nondiabetic older adults with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We found RAGE and Aβ levels to be elevated in some AD participants, leading to significant AD–control group differences. While there was an overall correlation between both IgG levels and global cognition across all three groups, this relationship was largely attributable to group differences in cognition, highlighted by considerable variability within groups in the relationship between IgG levels and cognition. While findings do not support a consistent relationship between cognition and either IgG, further research with larger samples is needed to better characterize cognitive differences between AD participants with high versus low Aβ and RAGE titers. (JINS, 2010, 16, 672–678.)

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