Increased peptide YY blood concentrations, not decreased acyl-ghrelin, are associated with reduced hunger and food intake in healthy older women: Preliminary evidence

The contribution of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides to further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation in rats was investigated by using PCR array and real-time PCR. Furthermore, changes in the mRNA expression for appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) were analyzed at all stages of pregnancy and lactation, and also after weaning. Food intake was significantly higher during pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning than during non-lactation periods. During lactation, ARC expression of mRNAs for agouti-related protein (AgRP) and peptide YY was increased, whereas that of mRNAs for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cholecystokinin (CCK) was decreased, in comparison with non-lactation periods. The increase in AgRP mRNA expression during lactation was especially marked. The plasma level of leptin was significantly decreased during the course of lactation, whereas that of acyl-ghrelin was unchanged. In addition, food intake was negatively correlated with the plasma leptin level during lactation. This study has clarified synchronous changes in the expression of many appetite-regulating peptides in ARC of rats during lactation. Our results suggest that hyperphagia during lactation in rats is caused by decreases in POMC and CCK expression and increases in AgRP expression in ARC, the latter being most notable. Together with the decrease in the blood leptin level, such changes in mRNA expression may explain the further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation.

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Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530320666200628024500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1262-1267

Author(s):

Haojun Yang ◽

Hanyang Liu ◽

YuWen Jiao ◽

Jun Qian

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

The Body ◽

Wild Type ◽

L Cells ◽

Body Weights ◽

Gastrointestinal Bypass ◽

G Protein Coupled

Background: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of TGR5 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). Methods: Wild type and TGR5 knockout mice (tgr5-/-) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the obesity model. GBP was performed. The changes in body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of TGR5 and peptide YY (PYY) were evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Moreover, the L-cells were separated from wild type and tgr5-/- mice. The levels of PYY in L-cells were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The body weights were significantly decreased after GBP in wild type mice (p<0.05), but not tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). Food intake was reduced after GBP in wild type mice, but also not significantly affected in tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). The levels of PYY were significantly increased after GBP compared with the sham group (p<0.05); however, in tgr5-/- mice the expression of PYY was not significantly affected (p>0.05). After INT-777 stimulation in L-cells obtained from murine intestines, the levels of PYY were significantly increased in L-cells tgr5+/+ (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GBP up-regulated the expression of TGR5 in murine intestines, and increased the levels of PYY, which further reduced food intake and decreased the body weight.

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Effects of Bacterial CLPB Protein Fragments on Food Intake and PYY Secretion

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2223

Author(s):

Manon Dominique ◽

Nicolas Lucas ◽

Romain Legrand ◽

Illona-Marie Bouleté ◽

Christine Bôle-Feysot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Potential Effect ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

E Coli ◽

In Vivo Effects

CLPB (Caseinolytic peptidase B) protein is a conformational mimetic of α-MSH, an anorectic hormone. Previous in vivo studies have already shown the potential effect of CLPB protein on food intake and on the production of peptide YY (PYY) by injection of E. coli wild type (WT) or E. coli ΔClpB. However, until now, no study has shown its direct effect on food intake. Furthermore, this protein can fragment naturally. Therefore, the aim of this study was (i) to evaluate the in vitro effects of CLPB fragments on PYY production; and (ii) to test the in vivo effects of a CLPB fragment sharing molecular mimicry with α-MSH (CLPB25) compared to natural fragments of the CLPB protein (CLPB96). To do that, a primary culture of intestinal mucosal cells from male Sprague–Dawley rats was incubated with proteins extracted from E. coli WT and ΔCLPB after fragmentation with trypsin or after a heat treatment of the CLPB protein. PYY secretion was measured by ELISA. CLPB fragments were analyzed by Western Blot using anti-α-MSH antibodies. In vivo effects of the CLPB protein on food intake were evaluated by intraperitoneal injections in male C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice using the BioDAQ® system. The natural CLPB96 fragmentation increased PYY production in vitro and significantly decreased cumulative food intake from 2 h in C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice on the contrary to CLPB25. Therefore, the anorexigenic effect of CLPB is likely the consequence of enhanced PYY secretion.

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Metabolic Benefit of Chronic Caloric Restriction and Activation of Hypothalamic AGRP/NPY Neurons in Male Mice Is Independent of Ghrelin

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2015-1745 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 157 (4) ◽

pp. 1430-1442 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nicole H. Rogers ◽

Heidi Walsh ◽

Oscar Alvarez-Garcia ◽

Seongjoon Park ◽

Bruce Gaylinn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Severe Hypoglycemia ◽

Metabolic Flexibility ◽

Male Mice ◽

Ambulatory Activity ◽

Ghrelin Receptor ◽

Liver Gene ◽

Acyl Ghrelin

Abstract Aging is associated with attenuated ghrelin signaling. During aging, chronic caloric restriction (CR) produces health benefits accompanied by enhanced ghrelin production. Ghrelin receptor (GH secretagogue receptor 1a) agonists administered to aging rodents and humans restore the young adult phenotype; therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the metabolic benefits of CR are mediated by endogenous ghrelin. Three month-old male mice lacking ghrelin (Ghrelin−/−) or ghrelin receptor (Ghsr−/−), and their wild-type (WT) littermates were randomly assigned to 2 groups: ad libitum (AL) fed and CR, where 40% food restriction was introduced gradually to allow Ghrelin−/− and Ghsr−/− mice to metabolically adapt and avoid severe hypoglycemia. Twelve months later, plasma ghrelin, metabolic parameters, ambulatory activity, hypothalamic and liver gene expression, as well as body composition were measured. CR increased plasma ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin concentrations in WT and Ghsr−/− mice. CR of WT, Ghsr−/−, and Ghrelin−/− mice markedly improved metabolic flexibility, enhanced ambulatory activity, and reduced adiposity. Inactivation of Ghrelin or Ghsr had no effect on AL food intake or food anticipatory behavior. In contrast to the widely held belief that endogenous ghrelin regulates food intake, CR increased expression of hypothalamic Agrp and Npy, with reduced expression of Pomc across genotypes. In the AL context, ablation of ghrelin signaling markedly inhibited liver steatosis, which correlated with reduced Pparγ expression and enhanced Irs2 expression. Although CR and administration of GH secretagogue receptor 1a agonists both benefit the aging phenotype, we conclude the benefits of chronic CR are a consequence of enhanced metabolic flexibility independent of endogenous ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin signaling.

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Anorexia Nervosa and Depression in a Woman Blind since the Age of Nine Months

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674379303800701 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 469-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Clifford W. Sharp

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Image ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Major Depression ◽

Food Intake ◽

Older Women ◽

The Body ◽

Atypical Presentation ◽

History Of

A woman aged 58 who has been blind since the age of nine months presented with major depression and a 40 year history of an eating disorder characterized by a restriction of food intake and body disparagement. The case is additional evidence that a specifically visual body image is not essential for the development of anorexia nervosa and supports the view that the concept of body image is unnecessary and unproductive in eating disorders. Greater emphasis should be placed on attitudes and feelings toward the body, and the possibility of an eating disorder should be considered in cases of older women with an atypical presentation.

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Thioperamide, a histamine H3 receptor antagonist, powerfully suppresses peptide YY-induced food intake in rats

Biological Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00044-4 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Etsuro Itoh ◽

Mineko Fujimiya ◽

Akio Inui

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Histamine H3 Receptor ◽

H3 Receptor ◽

Histamine H3

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S168. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MMP-9 AND CHOROID PLEXUS VOLUME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S100-S101

Author(s):

Magdalena Seethaler ◽

Johanna Seitz ◽

Nikos Makris ◽

Jarrett Rushmore ◽

Kang Ik Kevin Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Choroid Plexus ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Positive Association ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Water Volume ◽

World Population ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Brain Disorder ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Second Hit

Abstract Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe and chronic brain disorder that affects about 1% of the world population. It is among the most burdensome illnesses with a serious impact on patients, their families and society. To this day, a lot remains unknown about the neuropathological cause and etiology of SCZ. The prominent two-hit theory postulates that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities interact with a later “second hit” which occurs around symptom onset. Recent research points towards the role of inflammation in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was recently suggested as a potential key player in both first and second “hit” in the pathology of SCZ. It is considered to not only regulate brain development and synaptic plasticity, but to also mediate neuroinflammation. A point of interest for interaction with neuroinflammatory pathways is the Choroid Plexus (ChP). MMP-9 has been reported to be upregulated in ChP in SCZ. Since ChP regulates CSF production and permeability of the blood-CSF-barrier, MMP-9 upregulation in ChP might lead to its enlargement, as well as enlargement of the lateral ventricles and increased extracellular water volume, all found previously in SCZ. We investigate, for the first time, the relationship between MMP-9 blood plasma concentration and volume of ChP in patients with SCZ compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods We included 66 subjects (25 female = 38%, 41 male = 62%, mean age 32.59 +/- 9.14 years); 32 were patients with SCZ, 34 were HC. ELISA analysis was performed to measure MMP-9 blood concentrations in patients and HC. A whole brain, high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence scan was used to collect 240 sagittal slices, field of view = 224 x 224 mm2, 1 mm3 isotropic voxel, TR = 2.3 s, TE = 2.33 ms, flip angle = 8° on a 3T Siemens Magnetom Prisma. Structural T1 images underwent visual quality control, were realigned and parcellated into 176 gray and white matter regions using FreeSurfer software. Preliminary analyses were conducted comparing 1) MMP-9 levels between groups and 2) relating MMP-9 levels to ChP volume utilizing regression analyses. Results Patients with SCZ showed a strong upregulation of MMP-9 compared to HC (patients: 120 ± 60 ng/ml; HC: 60 ± 40 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, linear regression analyses - corrected for age and sex - demonstrated a positive association between concentration of MMP-9 and ChP volumes (left: R2 = .095, p < .01; right: R2 = .084, p < .02). Discussion To our knowledge, our study is the first to present preliminary evidence of an association between brain structure and MMP-9 peripheral upregulation in SCZ. Advanced evaluation of MMP-9 might enhance our understanding of illness cause, enable outcome predictions and paint the way for more individualized psychopharmacotherapy, as MMP-9 might serve as potential pharmacological target. However, further analyses are needed to validate our findings using as neuroanatomically precise methods as possible and to develop MMP-9 biomarkers that would capture central, as opposed to peripheral levels of MMP-9.

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Neuropeptide Y inhibits estrous behavior and stimulates feeding via separate receptors in Syrian hamsters

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.4.r1061 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 280 (4) ◽

pp. R1061-R1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Eric S. Corp ◽

Beatrice Gréco ◽

J. Bradley Powers ◽

Carrie L. Marín Bivens ◽

George N. Wade

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Sexual Behaviors ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Receptor Subtypes ◽

Syrian Hamsters ◽

Total Food Intake ◽

Npy Receptor ◽

Estrous Behavior

Central injections of neuropeptide Y (NPY) increase food intake in Syrian hamsters; however, the effect of NPY on sexual behavior in hamsters is not known nor are the receptor subtypes involved in feeding and sexual behaviors. We demonstrate that NPY inhibits lordosis duration in a dose-related fashion after lateral ventricular injection in ovariectomized, steroid-primed Syrian hamsters. Under the same conditions, we compared the effect of two receptor-differentiating agonists derived from peptide YY (PYY), PYY-(3–36) and [Leu31,Pro34]PYY, on lordosis duration and food intake. PYY-(3–36) produced a 91% reduction in lordosis duration at 0.24 nmol. [Leu31,Pro34]PYY was less potent, producing a reduction in lordosis duration (66%) only at 2.4 nmol. These results suggest NPY effects on estrous behavior are principally mediated by Y2 receptors. PYY-(3–36) and [Leu31,Pro34]PYY stimulated comparable dose-related increases in total food intake (2 h), suggesting Y5 receptors are involved in feeding. The significance of different NPY receptor subtypes controlling estrous and feeding behavior is highlighted by results on expression of Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) elicited by either PYY-(3–36) or [Leu31,Pro34]PYY at a dose of each that differentiated between the two behaviors. Some differences were seen in the distribution of Fos-IR produced by the two peptides. Overall, however, the patterns of expression were similar. Our behavioral and anatomic results suggest that NPY-containing pathways controlling estrous and feeding behavior innervate similar nuclei, with the divergence in pathways controlling the separate behaviors characterized by linkage to different NPY receptor subtypes.

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Cholecystokinin receptors and vagal nerves in control of food intake in rats

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.1.e40 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 258 (1) ◽

pp. E40-E45 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Garlicki ◽

P. K. Konturek ◽

J. Majka ◽

N. Kwiecien ◽

S. J. Konturek

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽

Intragastric Administration ◽

Gut Peptides ◽

Sham Feeding ◽

Liquid Meal ◽

Vagal Nerves ◽

Normal Feeding ◽

Cck Receptor Antagonist

This study was designed to determine the specificity and physiological nature of short-term satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats with intact and transected vagal nerves. Rats with-the gastric fistulas, closed or open, were used for normal feeding or sham feeding of liquid meal offered for 30 min. CCK-8 (0.5-10 nmol/kg) injected intraperitoneally (ip) 15 min before feeding inhibited food intake dose dependently in both normal-fed and sham-fed rats at a minimal inhibitory dose of 1 nmol/kg. CCK-8 at the same doses caused a potent stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion, reaching maximum at a dose of approximately 0.5 nmol/kg. Pretreatment with a potent CCK receptor antagonist, L-364,718 (2.5 mg/kg ip), increased food intake during normal feeding (but not sham feeding) and almost completely blocked the satiety and pancreatic stimulatory effects of CCK. When feeding was preceded by intragastric administration of proteinase inhibitor (Foy-305, 200 mg/kg), food preload, or diversion of bile-pancreatic secretion to the exterior, there was a significant increase in the plasma level of CCK and an inhibition of food intake by about 36, 78, and 25%, respectively. Pretreatment with L-364,718 completely abolished this inhibition by Foy-305 and bile-pancreatic diversion and reduced that caused by food preload. Among other gut peptides given ip (10 nmol/kg) only bombesin reduced food intake, whereas gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide YY (PYY) were ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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