Annual effective dose of ionizing radiation from natural sources: United States based airline pilots compared with non-flying residents of the United States

The purpose of the study was to estimate the doses to the Voronezh region population from natural sources of ionizing radiation and the technologically altered background in the territory of Voronezh Region. The data of forms of state statistical observation No. 4-DOZ “Information on the doses of population exposure due to natural and technologically altered background” for 20102017 and the radiation and hygienic passport of the territory of the Voronezh Region were used. The average annual per caput effective dose due to all types of ionizing radiation remains stable with a slight upward trend and lies in the range from 2.925 (2010) to 3.656 mSv (2017). Natural sources are the main dose-forming factors for the population. Their annual contribution to the annual effective dose ranges from 74.96 to 83.65%. The leading contribution to the total dose from natural sources is the exposure due to the inhalation of radon isotopes: it ranges from 37.6 to 51.1%. In second place,there is the share of external exposure from sources of terrigenous origin, which ranges from 21.2 to 28.9% of the total dose. The average annual effective dose of natural exposure to humans varies from 2,355 to 2,980 mSv / year, the exposure from radon – from 0,83 to 1,65 mSv / year. The dose from technogenic-altered radiation background, including global radioactive fallout due to atmospheric nuclear tests and due to past radiation accidents are insignificant (0,062 mSv / year). Its annual contribution to the total dose is less than 2%. Based on the results of the assessment of the indicators characterizing the level of exposure of sources of ionizing radiation to natural and technogenic-altered radiation background, no excess of radiation safety standards has been recorded. The situation associated with exposure to ionizing radiation sources in the Voronezh region has been described as safe for the last 8 years.

Download Full-text

Injuries and Occupational Safety

10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0022 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Dawn N. Castillo ◽

Timothy J. Pizatella ◽

Nancy A. Stout

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Occupational Safety ◽

Occupational Injury ◽

Occupational Injuries ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

The United States ◽

Hierarchical Approach ◽

Safety Hazards ◽

Injury Control

This chapter describes occupational injuries and their prevention. It describes in detail the causes of injuries and epidemiology of injuries. Occupational injuries are caused by acute exposure in the workplace to safety hazards, such as mechanical energy, electricity, chemicals, and ionizing radiation, or from the sudden lack of essential agents, such as oxygen or heat. This chapter describes the nature and the magnitude of occupational injuries in the United States. It provides data on risk of injuries in different occupations and industries. Finally, it discusses prevention of injuries, using a hierarchical approach to occupational injury control.

Download Full-text

Detecting Sources of Ionizing Radiation in the Waste Stream

10th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference ◽

10.1115/nawtec10-1016 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Needham

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Radioactive Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Industrial Process ◽

Control Program ◽

The United States ◽

Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽

Radioactive Material

Why is the detection of radioactive sources important to the solid waste industry?: Radioactive material is used extensively in the United States in research, medicine, education, and industry for the benefit of society (e.g. smoke detectors, industrial process gauges, medical diagnosis/treatment). Generally speaking, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and state governments regulate the use and disposal of radioactive materials. Licensed radioactive waste disposal facilities receive the bulk of the waste generated in the United States with exceptions for low-level waste (e.g. medical patient waste) that may be disposed of as municipal waste. According to the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc (CRCPD)., there has been an increasing number of incidence involving the detection of prohibited radioactive wastes at solid waste management facilities. While the CRCPD acknowledges that the increased incidence may be partially attributed to the growing number of solid waste facilities that have detection systems, undetected sources of ionizing radiation can harm the environment, have a negative impact on employee health and safety, and result in significant remedial actions. Implementing an effective detection/response plan can aid in the proper management of radioactive waste and serve to minimize the potential for negative outcomes.

Download Full-text

EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC OF THE LENINRGAD REGION DUE TO THE NATURAL SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2018-11-2-91-97 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. A. Istorik ◽

L. A. Eremina ◽

A. N. Barkovsky ◽

T. A. Kormanovskaya ◽

R. R. Akhmatdinov

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Beta Activity ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Volume Activity ◽

Radiation Dose Rate ◽

Natural Sources ◽

The Public ◽

The Individual

This study is focused on the analysis of the results of the radiation-hygienic passportisation and the Joint state system of control and accounting of the individual doses of the public from natural sources of ionizing radiation in the Leningrad region. The results of the study include data on the number of measurements of the gamma-radiation dose rate in buildings and in open territories, number of measurements of volume activity and equivalent equilibrium volume activity of radon in the air in the public and residential buildings in the Leningrad region in 2007–2016 as well as the number of the assessments of the total volume alpha and beta activity and concentration of the natural occurring radionuclides in drinking water. The authors performed an assessment of the annual individual effective dose per resident of theLeningradregion. It was estimated as 3.09 mSv/year considering all the data in Regional dose databank. Natural sources of ionizing exposure contribute 92.6% to the annual effective dose to the public of the Leningrad region, that exceeds the average Russian values by 6%.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Background Ionizing Radiation Level of Selected Oil Spill Communities of Delta State, Nigeria

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2019/v38i330362 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

M. U. Audu ◽

G. O. Avwiri ◽

C. P. Ononugbo

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Oil Spill ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Absorbed Dose ◽

Nuclear Radiation ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Radiation Level ◽

Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk

Study of the terrestrial Background Ionizing Radiation levels of selected Oil Spill Communities of Delta State, Nigeria have been carried out using Digilert 200 and Radalert 100 nuclear radiation monitor and a geographical positioning system (Garmin GPSMAP 76S). The exposure rates of the five communities ranges from 0.016 to 0.030 at Jones Creek, 0.014 to 0.034 at Opuwade Community, 0.015 to 0.037 at Okpare community, 0.007 to 0.029 at OtuJeremi community and 0.011to 0.040 at Otor-Edo community. The obtained mean exposures rates were higher than ICRP standard limit of 0.013. The absorbed dose rates calculated ranged from 139.2 to 261 (Jones Creek), 121.8 to 259.8 nGyh-1 (Opuwade Community), 130.5 to 321.9 nGyh-1 (Okpare community), 60.9 to 252.3 nGyh-1 (OtuJeremi community) and 95.9 to 348 nGyh-1 (Otor-Edo community). The estimated annual effective dose equivalent varies from 0.21 to 0.40 , 0.19 to 0.45 , 0.20 to 0.49 , 0.09 to 0.39 and 0.15 to 0.53 for Jones Creek, Opuwade Community, Okpare community, Otu Jeremi community and Otor-Edo community respectively while the excess lifetime cancer risk calculated for Jones Creek varies from (0.75 to 1.40) x 10-3, Opuwade community (0.65 to 1.59 )×, Okpare community (0.70 to 1.73 ) x , OtuJeremi community (0.33 to 1.35)× and Otor-Edo community (0.51 to 1.87)×. All the mean values of absorbed dose, annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk exceeded their recommended safe values. The results obtained in this work may not constitute any immediate health risk to the residents of the selected oil spill communities but long term exposure in the area may lead to detrimental health risks.

Download Full-text

Radioactivity of long-lived gamma emitters in egg

Kuwait Journal of Science ◽

10.48129/kjs.11911 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hamid Ramazanian ◽

◽

Tareq Alrefae ◽

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

High Purity ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Germanium Detector ◽

Natural Sources ◽

World Average ◽

High Purity Germanium Detector ◽

Egg Consumption ◽

High Purity Germanium ◽

Radiological Hazards

Radioactivity in egg was investigated. The targeted radionuclides were the long-lived gamma emitters 228Ra, 226Ra, and 40K. Measurements were carried out using a high purity germanium detector. The calculated annual effective dose due to egg consumption was 79 μSv yr-1, which forms 1/4 of the 290 μSv yr-1 world average ingestion exposure from natural sources. Hence, no radiological hazards exist from egg consumption due to the presence of the investigated radionuclides.

Download Full-text

NCRP Report No. 160: Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States

Physics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/6327 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (20) ◽

pp. 6327-6327 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jim Thurston

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

The United States ◽

Ionizing Radiation Exposure

Download Full-text

Perceptions Toward the Federal Flight Deck Officer Program and Willingness to Fly

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000110 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 7-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Scott R. Winter ◽

Stephen Rice ◽

Kasey Friedenreich ◽

Rian Mehta ◽

Bryan Kaiser

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Airline Pilots ◽

Commercial Airline ◽

Significant Difference ◽

September 11 Terrorist Attacks ◽

Commercial Flight ◽

Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Flight Deck

Abstract. In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States, numerous changes were implemented to aviation security. One of those programs was the arming of commercial airline pilots with handguns while they were on duty in a flight capacity. Since its inception, the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program has been controversial in nature. The purpose of this study was to examine participant perceptions and their willingness to fly based on whether or not the pilot of their hypothetical flight was armed and participating in the FFDO program. A sample of 812 participants was selected from both India and the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk® (MTurk). In general, the findings indicate that participants were more willing to fly when their pilot was armed; however, American females indicated no significant difference between the two conditions. Affect measures were also collected from participants and suggest that the relationship between the condition and the participants’ willingness to fly was mediated by emotions. The findings of the study provide information on participants’ view of the arming of pilots and suggest that, for the most part, participants in this study seem supportive of FFDO and the arming of pilots of commercial airliners. This finding is limited to participants who take part in online human intelligence tasks through services such as MTurk, who may or may not have been a commercial flight passenger.

Download Full-text