Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a typical neurodegenerative disease. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. Recently, we have reported that H2O2 and PD toxins, including 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridin-1-ium (MPP+) and rotenone, induce neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting mTOR pathway. Here, we show that 6-OHDA, MPP+ or rotenone induced H2O2 generation by upregulation of NOX2 and its regulatory proteins (p22phox, p40phox, p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1), leading to apoptotic cell death in PC12 cells and primary neurons. Pretreatment with catalase, a H2O2-scavenging enzyme, significantly blocked PD toxins-evoked NOX2-derived H2O2, thereby hindering activation of AMPK, inhibition of Akt/mTOR, induction of apoptosis in neuronal cells. Similar events were also seen in the cells pretreated with Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-specific superoxide scavenger, implying a mitochondrial H2O2-dependent mechanism involved. Further research revealed that inhibiting NOX2 with apocynin or silencing NOX2 attenuated the effects of PD toxins on AMPK/Akt/mTOR and apoptosis in the cells. Of importance, ectopic expression of constitutively active Akt or dominant negative AMPKα, or inhibition of AMPK with compound C suppressed PD toxins-induced expression of NOX2 and its regulatory proteins, as well as consequential H2O2 and apoptosis in the cells. Taken together, these results indicate that certain PD toxins can impede the AMPK/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway leading to neuronal apoptosis by eliciting NOX2-derived H2O2. Our findings suggest that neuronal loss in PD may be prevented by regulating of NOX2, AMPK/Akt-mTOR signaling and/or administering antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress.
Kaempferol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of liver cancer HepG2 cells by down-regulation of microRNA-21
