PDIA3: Structure, functions and its potential role in viral infections

Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.

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The Potential Role of Cytokines in the Treatment of Viral Infections

Clinical Immunotherapeutics ◽

10.1007/bf03258488 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Reed P. Warren ◽

Robert W. Sidwell

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections

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Potential role of viral infections in miscarriage and insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms

Congenital Anomalies ◽

10.1111/cga.12458 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Heydarifard ◽

Sevrin Zadheidar ◽

Jila Yavarian ◽

Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽

Shirin Kalantari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections

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Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12123696 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3696

Author(s):

Kevin Ho Wai Yim ◽

Ala’a Al Hrout ◽

Simone Borgoni ◽

Richard Chahwan

Keyword(s):

Communication Networks ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Intercellular Communication ◽

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Surface Markers ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Intercellular Communications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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The Peripheral Anionic Site of Acetylcholinesterase: Structure, Functions and Potential Role in Rational Drug Design

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/138161206775193127 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 217-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

G. Johnson ◽

S. Moore

Keyword(s):

Drug Design ◽

Potential Role ◽

Structure Functions ◽

Rational Drug Design ◽

Anionic Site ◽

Rational Drug

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Three complement component 1q genes from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus: Genome characterization and potential role in immune response against bacterial and viral infections

Fish & Shellfish Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1442-1454 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S.D.N.K. Bathige ◽

Ilson Whang ◽

Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan ◽

W.D. Niroshana Wickramaarachchi ◽

Qiang Wan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Complement Component ◽

Oplegnathus Fasciatus ◽

Genome Characterization ◽

Rock Bream

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COVID-19 Disease and Vitamin D: A Mini-Review

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.604579 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Said Boulkrane ◽

Victoria Ilina ◽

Roman Melchakov ◽

Julia Fedotova ◽

Filippo Drago ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Peptide Expression ◽

Immune Health ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Antimicrobial Peptide Expression

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, for which there is no effective treatment except employing prevention strategies, has already instituted significant number of deaths. In this review, we provide a scientific view on the potential role of vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 disease. Vitamin D is well-known to play a significant role in maintaining the immune health of an individual. Moreover, it induces antimicrobial peptide expression that can decrease viral replication and regulate the levels of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, supplementation of vitamin D has the potential to reduce the incidence, severity and the risk of death from pneumonia resulting from the cytokine storm of many viral infections including COVID-19. We suggest that supplementation of subjects at high risk of COVID-19 with vitamin D (1.000 to 3.000 IU) to maintain its optimum serum concentrations may be of significant benefit for both in the prevention and treatment of the COVID-19.

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Potential Role of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies to Prevent Severe SARS-Cov-2 Complications

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 272

Author(s):

Anna M. Fratta Pasini ◽

Chiara Stranieri ◽

Luciano Cominacini ◽

Chiara Mozzini

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Host Cells ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Pyrin Domain ◽

Nrf2 Activation ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Receptor Family

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Furthermore, we analyze the potential role of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies to prevent severe complications. OS has a potential key role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis by triggering the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). While exposure to many pro-oxidants usually induces nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor2 (NRF2) activation and upregulation of antioxidant related elements expression, respiratory viral infections often inhibit NRF2 and/or activate NF-kB pathways, resulting in inflammation and oxidative injury. Hence, the use of radical scavengers like N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C, as well as of steroids and inflammasome inhibitors, has been proposed. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be suppressed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Pharmacological NRF2 inducers have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the inflammatory response, and transmembrane protease serine 2 activation, which for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor. Thus, NRF2 activation may represent a potential path out of the woods in COVID-19 pandemic.

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