S228. Measuring the Relationship Between Specific Phosphorylation of DISC1 and Cortical Thickness in Psychotic Disorders

The endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of both psychotic disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). The non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, cannabidiol (CBD) is a highly promising tool in the treatment of both disorders. Here we review human clinical studies that investigated the efficacy of CBD treatment for schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and their comorbidity. In particular, we examined possible profiles of patients who may benefit the most from CBD treatment. CBD, either as monotherapy or added to regular antipsychotic medication, improved symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, with particularly promising effects in the early stages of illness. A potential biomarker is the level of anandamide in blood. CBD and THC mixtures showed positive effects in reducing short-term withdrawal and craving in cannabis use disorders. Studies on schizophrenia and comorbid substance use are lacking. Future studies should focus on the effects of CBD on psychotic disorders in different stages of illness, together with the effects on comorbid substance use. These studies should use standardized measures to assess cannabis use. In addition, future efforts should be taken to study the relationship between the eCB system, GABA/glutamate, and the immune system to reveal the underlying neurobiology of the effects of CBD.

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Engagement in Lifestyle Activities is Associated with Increased Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Cortical Thickness and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9051424 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1424 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seongryu Bae ◽

Sangyoon Lee ◽

Kenji Harada ◽

Keitaro Makino ◽

Ippei Chiba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Direct Effect ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Social Activities ◽

Direct Path ◽

Cognitive Activities ◽

Lifestyle Activities ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to examine the association between lifestyle activities, including physical, cognitive, and social activities, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) signature cortical thickness, as well as to examine the mediating role of AD signature cortical thickness in lifestyle activities and cognitive function in community-dwelling healthy older adults. Participants were 1026 older adults who met the study inclusion criteria. The physical, cognitive, and social activities of daily life were assessed using a self-reporting questionnaire. AD signature cortical thickness was determined using FreeSurfer software. Cognitive function was evaluated using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool. Path analysis (based on structural equation modeling (SEM)) of cognitive activities indicated that the direct path from cognitive activities to cognitive function was significant (p < 0.001), as was the direct path from AD signature cortical thickness to cognitive function (p < 0.001). Physical (p < 0.05) or social activities (p < 0.05) had a direct effect on cognitive function. However, AD signature cortical thickness did not mediate the relationship between physical or social activities and cognitive function. Our findings suggest that higher levels of cognitive activities later in life have a significant and positive direct effect on cognitive function. Additionally, AD signature cortical thickness significantly mediates the relationship between cognitive activities and cognitive function.

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Age at onset and outcome in schizophrenia are related to the degree of familial loading

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.173.6.494 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 173 (6) ◽

pp. 494-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Jaana M. Suvisaari ◽

Jari Haukka ◽

Antti Tanskanen ◽

Jouko K. Lönnqvist

Keyword(s):

Mixed Models ◽

Early Onset ◽

Disability Pension ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Model ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Proportional Hazard Model ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

The Relationship

BackgroundRecent research suggests that high familial loading is associated with early onset of schizophrenia. Results concerning outcome have been controversial.MethodWe assessed the relationship between familial loading, age at onset and outcome in all Finnish patients with schizophrenia born between 1950 and 1969. Patients and their first-degree relatives were identified using nationwide registers. Familial loading scores were calculated for schizophrenia and for combined psychotic disorders, and patients were accordingly classified into three groups: high (n = 761), intermediate (n = 14 247), and low familial loading (n = 725). Linear mixed models and the Cox proportional hazard model were used in the analyses.ResultsOnset was earliest, hospitalisation longest and risk of retirement in receipt of a disability pension highest in the group with high familial loading, with opposite extremes found in the group with low familial loading.ConclusionsHigh familial loading for schizophrenia is associated with early onset and poor outcome of schizophrenia.

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S131. NEIGHBOURHOOD-LEVEL SOCIAL CAPITAL, MARGINALIZATION, AND THE INCIDENCE OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IN TORONTO, CANADA: A RETROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.197 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S85-S85

Author(s):

Martin Rotenberg ◽

Andrew Tuck ◽

Kelly Anderson ◽

Kwame McKenzie

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Population Based ◽

Ethnic Concentration ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

Neighbourhood Level ◽

Incident Cases ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown mixed results regarding the relationship between social capital and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, and this has yet to be studied in North America. This study aims to examine the relationship between neighbourhood-level social capital, marginalization, and the incidence of psychotic disorders in Toronto, Canada. Methods A retrospective cohort of people aged 14 to 40 years residing in Toronto, Canada in 1999 (followed to 2008) was constructed from population-based health administrative data. Incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders were identified using a validated algorithm. Voter participation rates in a municipal election were used as a proxy neighbourhood-level indicator of social capital. Exposure to neighbourhood-level marginalization was obtained from the Ontario Marginalization Index. Poisson regression models adjusting for age and sex were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each social capital quintiles and marginalization quintile. Results In the study cohort (n = 640,000) over the 10-year follow-up period, we identified 4,841 incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders. We observed elevated rates of psychotic disorders in areas with the highest levels (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.27) and moderate levels (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.12–1.36) of social capital, when compared to areas with the lowest levels of social capital, after adjusting for neighbourhood-level indicators of marginalization. The risk associated with social capital was not present when analyzed in only the females in the cohort. All neighbourhood marginalization indicators, other than ethnic concentration, were significantly associated with risk. Discussion The risk of developing a psychotic disorder in Toronto, Canada is associated with socioenvironmental exposures. Social capital is associated with risk, however, the impact of social capital on risk differs by sex and social capital quintile. Across the entire cohort, exposure to all neighbourhood-level marginalization indicators, except ethnic concentration, impacts risk. Future research should examine how known individual-level risk factors, including immigration, ethnicity, and family history of a mental disorder may interact with these findings.

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Cortical thickness mediates the relationship between DRD2 C957T polymorphism and executive function across the adult lifespan

Brain Structure and Function ◽

10.1007/s00429-020-02169-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giuseppe G. Miranda ◽

Karen M. Rodrigue ◽

Kristen M. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Adult Lifespan ◽

The Relationship

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SU90. The Relationship Between Changes in Cortical Thickness and Cognitive Empathy in Individuals With Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbx024.086 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S193-S193

Author(s):

Julie Petersen ◽

Derin Cobia

Keyword(s):

Cortical Thickness ◽

Cognitive Empathy ◽

The Relationship

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Associating Psychotic Symptoms with Altered Brain Anatomy in Psychotic Disorders Using Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhz285 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 2939-2947 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana D Stan ◽

Carol A Tamminga ◽

Kihwan Han ◽

Jong Bae Kim ◽

Jaya Padmanabhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Item Response Theory ◽

Item Response ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Multidimensional Item Response Theory ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Multidimensional Item Response ◽

Response Theory ◽

Intermediate Phenotypes

Abstract Reduced cortical thickness has been demonstrated in psychotic disorders, but its relationship to clinical symptoms has not been established. We aimed to identify the regions throughout neocortex where clinical psychosis manifestations correlate with cortical thickness. Rather than perform a traditional correlation analysis using total scores on psychiatric rating scales, we applied multidimensional item response theory to identify a profile of psychotic symptoms that was related to a region where cortical thickness was reduced. This analysis was performed using a large population of probands with psychotic disorders (N = 865), their family members (N = 678) and healthy volunteers (N = 347), from the 5-site Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes. Regional cortical thickness from structural magnetic resonance scans was measured using FreeSurfer; individual symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Young Mania Rating Scale. A cluster of cortical regions whose thickness was inversely related to severity of psychosis symptoms was identified. The regions turned out to be located contiguously in a large region of heteromodal association cortex including temporal, parietal and frontal lobe regions, suggesting a cluster of contiguous neocortical regions important to psychosis expression. When we tested the relationship between reduced cortical surface area and high psychotic symptoms we found no linked regions describing a related cortical set.

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Metacognitive beliefs mediate the effect of emotional abuse on depressive and psychotic symptoms in severe mental disorders

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291717000848 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (13) ◽

pp. 2323-2333 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. Østefjells ◽

J. U. Lystad ◽

A. O. Berg ◽

R. Hagen ◽

R. Loewy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Abuse ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Metacognitive Beliefs ◽

Early Trauma ◽

The Relationship

BackgroundEarly trauma is linked to higher symptom levels in bipolar and psychotic disorders, but the translating mechanisms are not well understood. This study examines whether the relationship between early emotional abuse and depressive symptoms is mediated by metacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous, and whether this pathway extends to influence positive symptoms.MethodPatients (N= 261) with psychotic or bipolar disorders were assessed for early trauma experiences, metacognitive beliefs, and current depression/anxiety and positive symptoms. Mediation path analyses using ordinary least-squares regressions tested if the effect of early emotional abuse on depression/anxiety was mediated by metacognitive beliefs, and if the effect of early emotional abuse on positive symptoms was mediated by metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety.ResultsMetacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and depression/anxiety. Metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and positive symptoms. The models explained a moderate amount of the variance in symptoms (R2= 0.21–0.29).ConclusionOur results indicate that early emotional abuse is relevant to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders, and suggest that metacognitive beliefs could play a role in an affective pathway to psychosis. Metacognitive beliefs could be relevant treatment targets with regards to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders.

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