scholarly journals S131. NEIGHBOURHOOD-LEVEL SOCIAL CAPITAL, MARGINALIZATION, AND THE INCIDENCE OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IN TORONTO, CANADA: A RETROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S85-S85
Author(s):  
Martin Rotenberg ◽  
Andrew Tuck ◽  
Kelly Anderson ◽  
Kwame McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethnic Concentration ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown mixed results regarding the relationship between social capital and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, and this has yet to be studied in North America. This study aims to examine the relationship between neighbourhood-level social capital, marginalization, and the incidence of psychotic disorders in Toronto, Canada. Methods A retrospective cohort of people aged 14 to 40 years residing in Toronto, Canada in 1999 (followed to 2008) was constructed from population-based health administrative data. Incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders were identified using a validated algorithm. Voter participation rates in a municipal election were used as a proxy neighbourhood-level indicator of social capital. Exposure to neighbourhood-level marginalization was obtained from the Ontario Marginalization Index. Poisson regression models adjusting for age and sex were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each social capital quintiles and marginalization quintile. Results In the study cohort (n = 640,000) over the 10-year follow-up period, we identified 4,841 incident cases of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders. We observed elevated rates of psychotic disorders in areas with the highest levels (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.27) and moderate levels (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.12–1.36) of social capital, when compared to areas with the lowest levels of social capital, after adjusting for neighbourhood-level indicators of marginalization. The risk associated with social capital was not present when analyzed in only the females in the cohort. All neighbourhood marginalization indicators, other than ethnic concentration, were significantly associated with risk. Discussion The risk of developing a psychotic disorder in Toronto, Canada is associated with socioenvironmental exposures. Social capital is associated with risk, however, the impact of social capital on risk differs by sex and social capital quintile. Across the entire cohort, exposure to all neighbourhood-level marginalization indicators, except ethnic concentration, impacts risk. Future research should examine how known individual-level risk factors, including immigration, ethnicity, and family history of a mental disorder may interact with these findings.

Neighbourhood-level social capital, marginalisation, and the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto, Canada: a retrospective population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Martin Rotenberg ◽  
Andrew Tuck ◽  
Kelly K. Anderson ◽  
Kwame McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Background Studies have shown mixed results regarding social capital and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, and this has yet to be studied in North America. We sought to examine the relationship between neighbourhood-level marginalisation, social capital, and the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto, Canada. Methods We used a retrospective population-based cohort to identify incident cases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder over a 10 year period and accounted for neighbourhood-level marginalisation and a proxy indicator of neighbourhood social capital. Mixed Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs). Results In the cohort (n = 649 020) we identified 4841 incident cases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. A 27% variation in incidence was observed between neighbourhoods. All marginalisation dimensions, other than ethnic concentration, were associated with incidence. Compared to areas with low social capital, areas with intermediate social capital in the second [aIRR = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.33] and third (aIRR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.08–1.40) quintiles had elevated incidence rates after accounting for marginalisation. There was a higher risk associated with the intermediate levels of social capital (aIRR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00–1.39) when analysed in only the females in the cohort, but the CI includes the possibility of a null effect. Conclusions The risk of developing schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto varies by neighbourhood and is associated with socioenvironmental exposures. Social capital was not linearly associated with risk, and risk differs by sex and social capital quintile. Future research should examine these relationships with different forms of social capital and examine how known individual-level risk factors impact these findings.

scholarly journals The Incidence of Psychotic Disorders and Area-level Marginalization in Ontario, Canada: A Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 070674372110118
Author(s):  
Martin Rotenberg ◽  
Andrew Tuck ◽  
Kelly K. Anderson ◽  
Kwame McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Impact

Background: There is limited Canadian evidence on the impact of socio-environmental factors on psychosis risk. We sought to examine the relationship between area-level indicators of marginalization and the incidence of psychotic disorders in Ontario. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all people aged 14 to 40 years living in Ontario in 1999 using health administrative data and identified incident cases of psychotic disorders over a 10-year follow-up period. Age-standardized incidence rates were estimated for census metropolitan areas (CMAs). Poisson regression models adjusting for age and sex were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) based on CMA and area-level marginalization indices. Results: There is variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders across the CMAs. Our findings suggest a higher rate of psychotic disorders in areas with the highest levels of residential instability (IRR = 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.35), material deprivation (IRR = 1.30, 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.45), ethnic concentration (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.89), and dependency (IRR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.54) when compared to areas with the lowest levels of marginalization. Marginalization attenuates the risk in some CMAs. Conclusions: There is geographic variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders across the province of Ontario. Areas with greater levels of marginalization have a higher incidence of psychotic disorders, and marginalization attenuates the differences in risk across geographic location. With further study, replication, and the use of the most up-to-date data, a case may be made to consider social policy interventions as preventative measures and to direct services to areas with the highest risk. Future research should examine how marginalization may interact with other social factors including ethnicity and immigration.

scholarly journals Change Of Social Capital Of Dairy Farmers Groups: A Case Study Of Institutionalization Of Sapi Merapi Sejahtera Sleman (Samesta) Cooperative In Sleman, Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmudin Najmudin
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Positive Behavior ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Fair Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The results shows that there are changes of social capital of dairy farmers groups in the process of institutionalization of SAMESTA cooperatives. The change is the impact of the conditions of Indonesian dairy. These changes occur in several elements of social capital, as follows: (1) Value, as a guide and reinforcement of farmers’ positive behavior. The existing values among farmers are klangenan (like), titen (scrutinize deeply), honesty, and togetherness. These values ​​become the fuel that forces the farmers to relate each other and realize the more transparent and fairer cooperative. This case shows the influence of cultural values ​​on the farmers’ economic behavior. They calculate inputs and outputs, and make some adjustments to prevent them from losing and calculate the standard number of cows that they have. (2) Trust changes positively, especially by raising the milk price from farmers, although it gives a risk to the cooperative income. This decision is expected to increase the farmers' ethos, thus impacts on the increase of milk production. (3) Networks, in which the relationship between farmers firstly occurs in hamlet area, then it extends the network beyond those limits. Farmers from different villages are connected naturally. This inter-subject's relationship occurs due to the same goals, which are wishes to be more dignified, prosperous, and get fair treatment.

Overview of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Wilcox ◽  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Schizophreniform Disorder ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Brief Psychotic Disorder ◽  
The Individual

Psychotic disorders are among the most disabling conditions and constitute a major public health problem. Described throughout recorded time, they affect as many as 5% of the population and cause a disproportionate amount of suffering and loss to society. In the chapter on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, the DSM-5 lists delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder, as well as categories for substance- or medically induced psychotic disorders. The term psychosis indicates that the individual has a severe inability to interpret the surrounding environment in a realistic way. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. Psychotic disorders are associated with premature death, mostly attributable to suicide. The pathophysiology and etiology of psychotic disorders are only now beginning to be understood, and treatment for these conditions remains suboptimal. Researchers are currently refining the cause of these symptoms and developing more effective treatments.   This review contains 3 tables, and 34 references. Key words: Brief psychotic disorder, delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder

A Conceptual Proposition

2016 ◽  
pp. 1921-1934
Author(s):  
Ahmad Vazehi Ashtiani ◽  
Sharmila Jayasingam
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Contextual Influence ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resource Based Theory

This conceptual paper proposes social capital as a possible moderator of the relationship between commonly identified knowledge sharing enablers in the literature and knowledge sharing (KS). A literature review was carried out to determine the contextual influence of the level of social capital within communities of practice (CoPs). Propositions were developed based on a review of past studies addressing KS enablers and KS. The literature review revealed that prior studies built on resource-based theory (RBT) and knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV) focused on organizational enablers of KS without any concern for the contextual influence such as the level of social capital of CoPs. Further analysis indicated that social capital could possibly moderate the impact of commonly identified KS enablers. These insights are presented as propositions in this conceptual paper. This paper addresses a gap in the area of KS. It questions the results of past studies and proposes the needs to consider the level of social capital when identifying appropriate KS enablers.

scholarly journals Mortality and Revascularization among Myocardial Infarction Patients with Schizophrenia: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 454-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya S. Hauck ◽  
Ning Liu ◽  
Harindra C. Wijeysundera ◽  
Paul Kurdyak
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Graft ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major source of mortality in schizophrenia, and access to care after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is poor for these patients. Aims: To understand the relationship between schizophrenia and access to coronary revascularization and the impact of revascularization on mortality among individuals with schizophrenia and AMI. Method: This study used a retrospective cohort of AMI in Ontario between 2008 and 2015. The exposure was a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and patients were followed 1 year after AMI discharge. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 1 year. Secondary outcomes were cardiac catheterization and revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to study the relationship between schizophrenia and mortality, and the time-varying effect of revascularization. Results: A total of 108,610 cases of incident AMI were identified, among whom 1,145 (1.1%) had schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients had increased mortality, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.77) when adjusted for age, sex, income, rurality, geographic region, and comorbidity. After adjusting for time-varying revascularization, the HR reduced to 1.38 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.58). The impact of revascularization on mortality was similar among those with and without schizophrenia (HR: 0.42; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.44 vs. HR: 0.40; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.61). Conclusions: In this sample of AMI, mortality in schizophrenia is increased, and treatment with revascularization reduces the HR of schizophrenia. The higher mortality rate yet similar survival benefit of revascularization among individuals with schizophrenia relative to those without suggests that increasing access to revascularization may reduce the elevated mortality observed in individuals with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Impact of Pre- and Post-Stroke Statin Use on Stroke Severity and Long-Term Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Flach ◽  
Maria Elstad ◽  
Walter Muruet ◽  
Charles D.A. Wolfe ◽  
Anthony G. Rudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Stroke Recurrence ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statin Use

Background: The benefit of statins on stroke incidence is well known. However, data on the relationship between pre- and post-stroke statin use, recurrence, and survival outcomes are limited. We aim to investigate the short- and long-term relationships between statin prescription, stroke recurrence, and survival in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. Methods: Data were collected from the population-based South London Stroke Register for the years 1995–2015. Patients were assessed at the time of first ever stroke, 3 months, and annually thereafter. Data on vascular risk factors, treatments prescribed, sociodemographic characteristics, stroke subtype, survival, and stroke recurrence were collected. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to assess the relationship of statin prescriptions pre- and post-stroke on stroke severity, long-term recurrence and survival. Results: Patients prescribed statins both pre- and post-stroke showed a 24% reduction in mortality (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 0.76, 0.60–0.97), those who were prescribed statins pre-stroke and then stopped post-stroke showed greater risk of mortality (aHR 1.85, 1.10–3.12) and stroke recurrence (aHR 3.25, 1.35–7.84) compared to those that were not prescribed statins at any time. No associations were observed between pre-stroke statin and severity of the initial stroke overall, though a protective effect against moderate/severe stroke (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤12) was observed in those aged 75+ years (aOR 0.70, 0.52–0.95). Conclusions: Statins play a significant role in improving the survival rates after a stroke. Adherence to the National Guidelines that promote statin treatment, primary and secondary prevention of stroke should be monitored and a focus for quality improvement programs.

scholarly journals S83. MORTALITY, REVASCULARIZATION AND CARDIOPROTECTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPY AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S65-S66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing Chung Chang ◽  
Joe Kwun Nam Chan ◽  
Corine Sau Man Wong ◽  
Philip Chi Fai Or ◽  
JoJo Siu Han Hai
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of premature mortality in psychotic disorders. The authors aimed to examine short-term mortality, cardiovascular complications, revascularization and cardioprotective medication receipt after incident acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among patients with psychotic disorders compared with patients without psychotic disorders. Methods This was a population-based cohort study with data retrieved from a territory-wide medical record database of public healthcare services to 7.5 million residents in Hong Kong. The study identified 67,692 patients aged ≥18 years admitted for first-recorded ACS between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016. The cohort was dichotomously divided by pre-ACS diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Multivariate regression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] and 95%CI) was used to examine associations of psychotic disorders with all-cause 30-day and 1-year mortality, cardiovascular complications, 30-day and 1-year invasive cardiac procedures, and 90-day post-discharge cardioprotective medication prescription. Results Patients with psychotic disorders (N=703) had higher 30-day (aOR=1.99, 95%CI=1.65–2.39) and 1-year (aOR=2.13, 95%CI=1.79–2.54) mortality, and cardiovascular complication rates (aOR=1.20, 95%CI=1.02–1.41), lower receipt of cardiac catheterization (30-day: aOR=0.54, 95%CI=0.43–0.68; 1-year: aOR=0.46, 95%CI=0.38–0.56), percutaneous coronary intervention (30-day: aOR=0.55, 95%CI=0.44–0.70; 1-year: aOR=0.52, 95%CI=0.42–0.63) and reduced β-blockers (aOR=0.81, 95%CI=0.68–0.97), statins (aOR=0.54, 95%CI=0.44–0.66), and clopidogrel prescriptions (aOR=0.66, 95%CI=0.55–0.80). Effect of psychotic disorder on heightened mortality was more pronounced in younger-aged (<65 years) and male patients. Associations between psychotic disorder and increased mortality remained significant even after complications and treatment receipt were additionally adjusted. Discussion Psychotic disorders are associated with increased risks of short-term post-ACS mortality, cardiovascular complications and inferior treatment. Excess mortality is not substantially explained by treatment inequality. Further investigation is warranted to clarify factors for suboptimal cardiac-care and elevated mortality in psychotic disorders to enhance post-ACS outcome.

scholarly journals The Impact Of Social Capital On The Propensity And Properties Of Management Earnings Forecasts

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Xinyi Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Earnings Forecasts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Forecast ◽  
Management Earnings Forecasts ◽  
Financial Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between the regional variation in social capital in the United States and the propensity and properties of the management earnings forecasts. Social capital refers to connections among individualssocial networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them (Putnam 2000). Using a comprehensive sample of companies in the United States, we find that firms located in region with higher social capital are more likely to issue a management earnings forecast and are inclined to forecast more frequently. In addition, earnings forecasts made by those firms tend to be more specific. Our findings suggest that mangers of firms in the high social capital regions are more likely to be concerned about their reputation of providing transparent information regarding their businesses because of the close connections among individuals and the greater propensities to honor obligations. This study contributes to the accounting literature by identifying a non-financial factor (i.e., social capital) that affects managements voluntary disclosure practices.

Cognition in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
Martin Strassnig ◽  
Philip D. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Mental Illness Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
The Impact

Cognitive impairments are present in patients with severe mental illness (SMI) at the time of the first psychotic episode. People with schizophrenia are more impaired across the lifespan compared to bipolar patients or patients with major depression. Although schizophrenia patients appear to generally function on a lower level than bipolar patients, the functional correlates of cognitive impairment are similar. There is much less research on cognition and its functional impact in depression, with the depression literature largely focusing on the impact of symptoms and only some recent studies examining cognition and functional capacity. Complicating both bipolar and major depressive disorders is the influence of mood states on cognition. Moreover, patients with SMI are often medically compromised, with higher rates of obesity and related comorbidities as well as poor lifestyles, which add further cognitive and functional implications. Cognitive impairments are known determinants of disability in SMI and a rate-limiting step in recovering from mental illness. Treatment options are reviewed in this chapter, and potential ways forward are discussed.

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