Nondestructive grading of black tea based on physical parameters by texture analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Singh Gill ◽  
Amod Kumar ◽  
Ravinder Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Texture Analysis ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Physical Parameters

scholarly journals Effect of different winter pruning systems on grapes produced

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Caprara ◽  
Fabio Pezzi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Texture Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Grapevine Cultivar ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Mechanical Behaviours ◽  
Pruning Techniques

The purpose of these trials was to evaluate possible effects on properties of grapes, particularly the physical and mechanical features, depending on the winter pruning system. The following pruning techniques were carried out: manual pruning (m); mechanical pruning (M); mechanical pre-pruning and subsequent manual finishing (Mm); mechanical pre-pruning and contemporary fast manual finishing, using a wagon facility with two operators equipped with pneumatic scissors (Mw). The trials were carried out on Sangiovese trained to spurred cordon. During the trials were measured: time and cost of pruning, quality of pruning and the vegetative-productive response of vines. During grape harvesting a consolidated analytical method of texture analysis was applied to evaluate the physical parameters of grapevine cultivar: pedicel detachment, skin perforation, skin thickness, grape features as hardness, cohesiveness, springiness. Analysis of working time showed that the manual pruning (m) determined a greater commitment of time, while the mechanized pruning (M) presented a time reduction of 95%. The two mechanized pruning associated with manual finishing reduced the time of 21% (Mm) and 69% (Mw). The lowering cost is less evident but important anyway. Regarding the quality of pruning, the increase in the level of mechanization has produced an increase of spurs and buds density. It was also detected a higher percentage of damaged spurs and in wrong position. The increasing of mechanization levels of pruning also has produced smaller and sparser bunches with smaller berries. The study of mechanical properties of berries showed significant differences in the mechanical behaviours of the different pruning tests. The mechanized pruning presented higher values for the pedicel detachment, skin perforation and cohesiveness, while it gave lower values for thickness of skin and springiness. The results showed that mechanical pruning can modify properties of the berries which influence mechanical harvesting on vineyard.

scholarly journals Optimization of Physical Parameters for Cereals-Pulses Combination Based Extrudates Using Sequential Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Garg ◽  
Daya Shankar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Texture Analysis ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Extrusion Cooking ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Bengal Gram ◽  
Cooking Process

Plant proteins in the form of flour, grits etc. are not in the palatable form as such due to lack of meat like texture, flavour and appearance. Thus the present need exists to prepare a palatable inexpensive vegetable based high protein foods. The extrusion cooking process converts the protein in its amorphous defatted flour form to fibrous structures. An extruded snack from Bengal gram brokens-sorghum blends was prepared by using Wenger X-5 extruder. The properties of the extrudates were studied at three different moisture levels (15, 20 and 25% w.b.) and three levels of barrel temperature (80, 90 and 100°C) with 5 levels of blending ratio of Bengal gram brokens-sorghum blends (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). All the physical parameters were optimized to have the best quality extrudates by RSM. The best quality extruded snack was obtained at 80°C barrel temperature, 15% moisture content of feed and 10% blending ratio followed by 15% moisture content of feed and 10% blending ratio at 100°C barrel temperature. Texture analysis of the optimized extrudate was also done for crispiness test and hardness test to have an idea of the resistance that the snack may offer on first bite to the consumer. The maximum value of crispness and minimum hardness was obtained at 15% moisture content, 100°C temperature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10607 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (61-63), 2012  

scholarly journals Physico-chemical Status of Vermicompost Processed by Earthworm Specie Eisenia fetida

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1867
Author(s):  
Senay Ugur ◽  
Zafer Ulutaş ◽  
Fazli Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Total N

Huge amount of organic wastes including agricultural field wastes, food wastes, municipal solid waste and manures can be converted into a safe and usable product that can be used as a possible substitute for chemical fertilizers. In this regard, the proposed study was designed with the aim to prepare macro and micronutrients rich vermicompost from different bio-wastes that can be used as a possible substitute to chemical fertilizers for improving plant growth. A 90 days vermicomposting experiment was conducted in wooden boxes (1×1 m) containing animal manure and waste material (grasses, brewed black tea leaf and dry leaf) mixed in 3:1 ratio with a 2.5 cm thin layer of soil. The material was at the bottom of the bed and around 10.000 earthworms of Eisenia fetida were settled in the box. The boxes were irrigated by sprinkled water daily and tilled from the top once every week for maintaining aeration and proper decomposition. The vermicompost production was continued for about 90 days in each box under 21-23°C room temperature. The results showed that by using animal manure and waste materials, the physical parameters like moisture content was increased upto50 % on day 90. Likewise, the percent increase recorded for total N, organic N, total P and soluble K content on day 90 was maximum in the vermicompost prepared from animal manure and waste material. It can be concluded from this experiment that with the help of earthworm’s, different field and garden residues, wastes and manures can be converted into a nutrient rich and environment friendly vermicompost that can be used as a possible substitute to chemical fertilizers for improving plant growth.

Some Results of the Spectroscopic Study of Four Close Binary Systems of Early Spectral Types

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
T. S. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Spectral Type ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigation ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Close Binary ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Absorption And Emission ◽  
Close Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

It is necessary to have quantitative estimates of the intensity of lines (both absorption and emission) to obtain the physical parameters of the atmosphere of components.Some years ago at the Crimean observatory we began the spectroscopic investigation of close binary systems of the early spectral type with components WR, Of, O, B to try and obtain more quantitative information from the study of the spectra of the components.

A theory of contamination in electron microscopes by surface diffusion

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
J.T. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Surface Diffusion ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
Long Chain

Contamination in electron microscopes can be a serious problem in STEM or in situations where a number of high resolution micrographs are required of the same area in TEM. In modern instruments the environment around the specimen can be made free of the hydrocarbon molecules, which are responsible for contamination, by means of either ultra-high vacuum or cryo-pumping techniques. However, these techniques are not effective against hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on the specimen surface before or during its introduction into the microscope. The present paper is concerned with a theory of how certain physical parameters can influence the surface diffusion of these adsorbed molecules into the electron beam where they are deposited in the form of long chain carbon compounds by interaction with the primary electrons.

Electron Microscopy in the Study of Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
Linda Sicko-Goad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Species Specific

Although the use of electron microscopy and its varied methodologies is not usually associated with ecological studies, the types of species specific information that can be generated by these techniques are often quite useful in predicting long-term ecosystem effects. The utility of these techniques is especially apparent when one considers both the size range of particles found in the aquatic environment and the complexity of the phytoplankton assemblages.The size range and character of organisms found in the aquatic environment are dependent upon a variety of physical parameters that include sampling depth, location, and time of year. In the winter months, all the Laurentian Great Lakes are uniformly mixed and homothermous in the range of 1.1 to 1.7°C. During this time phytoplankton productivity is quite low.

A New Numerical Model for Electron-Probe Analysis at High Depth Resolution

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 490-491
Author(s):  
P.-F. Staub ◽  
C. Bonnelle ◽  
F. Vergand ◽  
P. Jonnard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Surface Segregation ◽  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Interface Phases ◽  
Excitation Conditions ◽  
High Depth

Characterizing dimensionally and chemically nanometric structures such as surface segregation or interface phases can be performed efficiently using electron probe (EP) techniques at very low excitation conditions, i.e. using small incident energies (0.5<E0<5 keV) and low incident overvoltages (1<U0<1.7). In such extreme conditions, classical analytical EP models are generally pushed to their validity limits in terms of accuracy and physical consistency, and Monte-Carlo simulations are not convenient solutions as routine tools, because of their cost in computing time. In this context, we have developed an intermediate procedure, called IntriX, in which the ionization depth distributions Φ(ρz) are numerically reconstructed by integration of basic macroscopic physical parameters describing the electron beam/matter interaction, all of them being available under pre-established analytical forms. IntriX’s procedure consists in dividing the ionization depth distribution into three separate contributions:

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