Functional Optimality of the Highly Conserved Arp2/3‑Mediated 70° Branching Angle

Ramet morphology in the deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus L. and the evergreen Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. was compared between the forest and open, clear-felled habitats. Growth habits were measured in terms of branching, shoot mass, bud type, branching angle, and vertical elevation of ramets. New ramets of both species were produced from buds on the below-ground stem. Branching occurred from buds on 1-year-old shoots in young ramets. Aging and flowering induced rejuvenation, i.e., production of new shoots from buds on older shoot generations within the ramets. Sympodial V. myrtillus ramets were more branched than the predominantly monopodial V. vitis-idaea ramets. In ramets of both species, vegetative shoots grew primarily from distal buds in the forest, whereas a greater number of lower buds were activated in the ramets in the open habitat. Vaccinium myrtillus ramets grew more horizontally and had wider branching angles to increase the intercepted radiation in the forest, whereas compact, vertically growing ramets prevailed in the open habitat, where light was not limited. No difference in branch orientation was observed between habitats in V. vitis-idaea. Production of flowers was greater in the open habitat than in the forest in both species. The observed differences in growth habits between forest and open habitat were assumed to indicate high morphological plasticity in both species, allowing the plants to respond rapidly to changed environmental conditions. Key words: architecture, branching, growth habit, shrub, Vaccinium.

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Dark-chilling of Seedlings Affects Initiation and Morphology of Broccoli Inflorescence

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4118272 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aneta GRABOWSKA ◽

Agnieszka SĘKARA ◽

Monika BIENIASZ ◽

Edward KUNICKI ◽

Andrzej KALISZ

Keyword(s):

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Regular Form ◽

Plant Ontogeny ◽

Branching Angle ◽

The University ◽

And Control

The constant supply of broccoli heads for a vegetable market can be kept by the differentiation of sowing time and the age of seedlings. Dark-chilling of young seedlings can also modify the time of transplanting, subsequent plant development, yield and inflorescence quality. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of seedling dark-chilling on the inflorescence initiation and the morphological quality of broccoli heads. The experiment was carried out at the University of Agriculture in Krakow (South Poland) in the years 2009 and 2010, with broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) medium late cultivar ‘Monaco’ F1. The examined factors were the age of seedlings (4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-week-old) and dark-chilling (2°C/2 weeks and non-chilled control). Microscopic analysis of the apex sections was performed to determine the time of the inflorescence differentiation in chilled and non-chilled seedlings of different age. Chosen morphological features of the mature heads were also described as depended on age and chilling of seedlings. The inflorescence initiation was observed between 4 and 6 week of the plant ontogeny. Especially 4-week-old seedlings, chilled by two weeks, were more advanced in the generative development in comparison to non-chilled control. Low temperature applied in the seedling stage did not cause the head buttoning. Inflorescences developed by broccoli planted from 4 and 6-week-old seedlings, both chilled and control, were characterized by the best visual quality, determined by a convex head shape, tight branching angle, small and uniform size and regular form of flower buds. Chilling of oldest, 8- and 10-week-old seedlings negatively affected the inflorescence quality, through planed and spread shape of heads and non-uniform shape of flower buds.

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Automatic Analysis of Retinal Vascular Parameters for Detection of Diabetes in Indian Patients with No Retinopathy Sign

International Scholarly Research Notices ◽

10.1155/2016/8423289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Behzad Aliahmad ◽

Dinesh Kant Kumar ◽

Rajeev Jain

Keyword(s):

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Indian Population ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Retinal Images ◽

Type Ii ◽

Demographic Information ◽

Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Branching Angle ◽

Left And Right

This study has investigated the association between retinal vascular parameters with type II diabetes in Indian population with no observable diabetic retinopathy. It has introduced two new retinal vascular parameters: total number of branching angles (TBA) and average acute branching angles (ABA) as potential biomarkers of diabetes in an explanatory model. A total number of 180 retinal images (two (left and right) × two (ODC and MC) × 45 subjects (13 diabetics and 32 nondiabetics)) were analysed. Stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to model the association between type II diabetes with the best subset of explanatory variables (predictors), consisting of retinal vascular parameters and patients’ demographic information. P value of the estimated coefficients (P<0.001) indicated that, at α level of 0.05, the newly introduced retinal vascular parameters, that is, TBA and ABA together with CRAE, mean tortuosity, SD of branching angle, and VB, are related to type II diabetes when there is no observable sign of retinopathy.

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Forced Convective Flow of Bingham Plastic Fluids in a Branching Channel With the Effect of T-Channel Branching Angle

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4049673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Anamika Maurya ◽

Naveen Tiwari ◽

R. P. Chhabra

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Nusselt Number ◽

Length Variation ◽

Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽

Local Pressure ◽

Bingham Plastic ◽

Transfer Characteristics ◽

Wide Range ◽

Branching Angle ◽

Plastic Fluids

Abstract This work aims to explore the T-channel momentum and heat transfer characteristics with the combined effect of Bingham plastic fluids (0.01 ≤ Bn ≤ 20) behavior and geometrical variation in terms of branching angle (30 deg ≤ α ≤ 90 deg). The problem has been solved over a wide range of Reynolds number (50 ≤ Re ≤ 300) and Prandtl number (10 ≤ Pr ≤ 50). For the momentum flow, qualitative and quantitative features are analyzed in terms of streamlines, structure of yielded/unyielded regions, shear rate contours, plug width and length variation, and local pressure coefficient. These features have been represented in terms of isotherm patterns, temperature profile, Nusselt number, and its asymptotic value for heat transfer characteristics. The recirculating flows have been presented here in the vicinity of T-junction, which promote mixing and heat transfer. Broadly, the size of this zone bears a positive dependence on Re and α. However, fluid yield stress tends to suppress it. The critical Reynolds and Bingham numbers were found to be strong functions of the pertinent parameters like α. The inclination angle exerts only a weak effect on the yielded/unyielded regions and on the recirculation length of main branch. Results show a strong relationship of the plug width and length with key parameters and branches. The Nusselt number exhibits a positive relationship with α, Bn, and Re but for lower Pr in the T-junction vicinity for both branches. Such length indicates the required optimum channel length for thermal mixing.

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Breeding of Gypsophila paniculata ‘White Farm’ with Narrow Branching Angle and Bright White Colored Petal

Flower Research Journal ◽

10.11623/frj.2014.22.2.12 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 111-115

Author(s):

Dong-Chun Cheong ◽

◽

Chang-Hak Choi ◽

Young-Ju Song ◽

Jeong-Man Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gypsophila Paniculata ◽

Branching Angle

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Associations between cardiac function and retinal microvascular geometry among Chinese adults

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-71385-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lihua Huang ◽

Wei-Qing Chen ◽

Izzuddin M. Aris ◽

Louis L. Y. Teo ◽

Tien Yin Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Atrial Contraction ◽

Retinal Microvasculature ◽

Velocity Flow ◽

Retinal Vascular Caliber ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Branching Angle

Abstract Abnormal retinal microvascular geometry has been associated with cardiac remodeling and heart failure. However, its relation to cardiac function, prior to clinical disease has not been explored. In this cross-sectional study, 50 participants (mean age 62.5 ± 11.7 years) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recruited from the Cardiac Ageing Study. Transthoracic echocardiography imaging was performed to measure cardiac function indices, and retinal imaging was used to measure retinal vascular caliber and retinal vascular geometric indices. Multiple linear regressions were applied to examine associations between indices of cardiac function and retinal microvasculature, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, mean blood pressure and comorbidity (i.e. hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia). After adjusting for confounders, each unit decrease in peak systolic septal mitral annular velocity (Septal S′) indicating poorer left function was associated with smaller retinal venular branching angle (β: − 2.69°; 95% CI − 4.92, − 0.46). Furthermore, each unit increase in peak velocity flow in late diastole by atrial contraction (MV A Peak) indicating poorer left atrial function was associated with lower retinal venular fractal dimension (− 0.13Df; − 0.25, − 0.004). Our findings suggested a relationship between poorer cardiac function and suboptimal retinal microvascular geometry, among Chinese without CVD.

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A Computational Model of Continuous Hollow Cerebrovascular Arterioles Using a Fractal L-System

Volume 3: Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering ◽

10.1115/imece2018-88511 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nicolas S. Cuitino ◽

Benjamin Johannesson ◽

Assimina A. Pelegri

Keyword(s):

Hollow Structure ◽

The Body ◽

Large Strains ◽

Tree Model ◽

A Value ◽

Curative Care ◽

L System ◽

Branching Angle ◽

D Model ◽

The Brain

There is a need for better 3-D model representations of cerebrovasculature particularly on the order of arterioles. Such a model would have many applications and could be a useful tool for those conducting studies involving the brain and its function. The load bearing effects of the vasculature can be better studied with such a model, such as in the case of large strains. In addition, by having a continuous hollow structure, studies involving flow properties can be conducted at a whole scale rather than in a segmented view. Such studies are critical to the advancement of knowledge about the brain and its mechanics which can lead to advancements in preventative and curative care, as well as preventative safety measures. The model developed in this paper could serve as a tool in such studies. A fractal L-system is used to define the branching nature of the model. As such a growing tree structure is developed and characterized by its bifurcation at the end of a vessel segment. The index of bifurcation, α, is a parameter that controls the behavior of the two generated daughter vessels. The model presented here grows from a single parent branch into a bifurcation each of which then bifurcates as many times as specified. The length and diameter of the two daughter vessels will be a function of the respective parent’s length and diameter as well as a value α. The branching angle of the two daughter vessels will be entirely controlled by α. The hollow continuous nature of the model allows for it to be used as a representation of the arteriole structures in the brain. There is also use for such a model in other areas of the body, however, this study will focus on the representation of the cerebrovasculature. The end result is a branching tree model generated in Abaqus which is continuous, hollow and capable of extensive generation with uses in modeling complex cerebrovascular mechanics.

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