Effects of water absorption and surface roughness on the bioreceptivity of ETICS compared to clay bricks

Utilisation of propellant waste in fabrication of bricks is not only used as efficient waste disposal method but also to get better functional properties. In the present study, high energy propellant (HEP) waste additive mixed with soil and fly ash in different proportions during manufacturing of bricks has been investigated experimentally. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to confirm the brick formation and the effect of HEP waste. Ceramic bricks were fabricated with HEP waste additive in proper proportions i.e. 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 3 wt %, 3.5 wt %, and 4 wt % and then evaluated for water absorption capability and compressive strength. Compressive strength of 6.7 N/mm2, and Water absorption of 22 % have been observed from modified fired bricks impregnated with HEM waste additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to analyze the effect of HEP waste additive on pore formation and distribution in the bricks. Further, the heat resulting from decomposition of propellants can cause a decrease in the energy required of baking process. The process of manufacturing of bricks with HEP waste additive is first of its kind till date.

Download Full-text

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Lightweight Clay Bricks Fabricated with a Powdered Marble Dust Additive

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.465 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 777 ◽

pp. 465-470

Author(s):

Sutas Janbuala ◽

Mana Eambua ◽

Arpapan Satayavibul ◽

Watcharakhon Nethan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Apparent Porosity ◽

Clay Brick ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Marble Dust

The objective of this study was to recycle powdered marble dust to improve mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of lightweight clay bricks. Varying amounts of powdered marble dust (10, 20, 30, and 40 vol.%) were added to a lightweight clay brick at the firing temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. When higher quantities of powdered marble dust were added, the values of porosity and water absorption increased while those of thermal conductivity and bulk density decreased. The decrease in apparent porosity and water absorption were also affected by the increase in firing temperature. The most desirable properties of the clay bricks were obtained for the powdered marble dust content of 40 vol.% and firing temperature 900 °C: bulk density of 1.20 g/cm3, compressive strength 9.2 MPa, thermal conductivity 0.32 W/m.K, and water absorption 22.5%.

Download Full-text

Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science ◽

10.24018/ejers.2021.6.1.2324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 58-62

Author(s):

E. J Bassah ◽

W. K. Joshua

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Mean Values ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Unit Value ◽

Study Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.

Download Full-text

PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE (WTS)-CLAY BRICKS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6989 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (32) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Asri Md Nor ◽

Alia Syafiqah Abdul Hamed ◽

Faisal Hj Ali ◽

Ong Keat Khim

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Sludge ◽

X Ray ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Firing Shrinkage ◽

And Performance

Every year, large quantity of water treatment sludge (WTS) is produced from water treatment plant in Malaysia. Sanitary landfill disposal of sludge at authorized sites is the common practice in Malaysia. However, searching the suitable site for landfill is the major problem as the amount of sludge produced keeps on increasing. Reuse of the sludge could be an alternative to disposal. This study investigated the reusability of WTS as brick making material. The performance of clay-WTS bricks produced by mixing clay with different percentages of WTS with increments of 20% from 0% up to 100% was investigated. Each molded brick with optimum moisture content was pressed under constant pressure, oven-dried at 100˚C for 24 hours followed by heating at 600˚C for 2 hours and 1000˚C for 3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize clay, WTS and clay-WTS bricks. The performance of the bricks were evaluated with firing shrinkage, loss on ignition (LOI), water absorption, bulk density, and compressive strength tests. Increasing the sludge content results in a decrease of brick firing shrinkage, and increase of water absorption and compressive strength. The results revealed that the brick with 100% by weight of sludge could generate the highest compressive strength of 17.123N/mm2. It can be concluded that the bricks with 20 to 100% of water treatment sludge comply with the Malaysian Standard MS7.6:1972, which can fulfill the general requirement for usage of clay bricks in wall construction.

Download Full-text

Caprolon turning with the supply of a water repellent emulsion to the cutting zone

10.36652/0042-4633-2021-1-71-74 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Chip Formation ◽

Cutting Fluid ◽

Water Repellent ◽

Machined Surface ◽

Water Emulsion ◽

Cutting Zone

The turning of caprolon with the use of cutting fluid is investigated. It is established that when turning with a simultaneous supply of a water emulsion of a water repellent to the cutting zone, the water absorption of caprolon decreases and the quality of the machined surface increases. Keywords: caprolon, turning, water absorption, water repellent emulsion, surface roughness, chip formation. [email protected]

Download Full-text

Effects of Alkaline Treatments on the Tensile Strength of Napier Grass Fibres

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.340 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 695 ◽

pp. 340-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J.A. M. Haameem ◽

M.S. Abdul Majid ◽

M. Haslan ◽

Mohd Afendi ◽

E.A. Helmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Tensile Test ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Chemical Treatment ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Single Fibre ◽

Napier Grass ◽

High Moisture ◽

The Poor

This paper presents the experiment test of the Napier grass fibres to determine the tensile strength of the Napier grass fibre. . Napier grass fibre is a natural source of fibre which is extracted from the internodes of Napier grass stems. Napier grass fibres were extracted trough conventional water retting process. However, the main disadvantages of natural fibres in composites are the poor compatibility between fibre and matrix and the relative high moisture absorption. These Napier grass fibre then undergoes alkaline chemical treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to improve the surface roughness and to minimize the water absorption into the cellulose. The treatment is conducted with different concentration of NaOH at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. The single fibre tensile test was conducted using Instron micro tester. Based on the tests conducted, the results show that the fibre treated 10% concentrations yield the strongest tensile test compared to untreated Napier grass fibre.

Download Full-text

Drag resistance of ship hulls: effects of surface roughness of newly applied fouling control coatings, coating water absorption, and welding seams

Journal of Coatings Technology and Research ◽

10.1007/s11998-018-0054-7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 657-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xueting Wang ◽

Stefan Møller Olsen ◽

Eduardo Andres Martinez ◽

Kenneth Nørager Olsen ◽

Søren Kiil

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Ship Hulls ◽

Fouling Control ◽

Fouling Control Coatings

Download Full-text

Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 757 ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

Nonthaphong Phonphuak

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Optimal Condition ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Apparent Porosity ◽

Test Results ◽

Clay Brick ◽

Clay Bricks

In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.

Download Full-text

Influence of Rice Husk Ash on the Engineering Properties of Fired-Clay Brick

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.14 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 795 ◽

pp. 14-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y.C. Khoo ◽

I. Johari ◽

Zainal Arifin Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Clay Brick ◽

Minimum Requirement ◽

X Ray ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Sand Temperature

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on the engineering properties of fired-clay brick with the present of 10% sand. Temperature 1200°C is selected as the optimum temperature based on the preliminaries study. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were carried out to determine the characteristic of raw materials used. Mechanical properties of rice husk ash-clay bricks are determined in terms of compressive strength, porosity and water absorption. The results shows that increase in RHA replacement percentage reduce the compressive strength and linear shrinkage of fired-clay bricks while the porosity and water absorption value increase. From the investigation, we can conclude that the optimum mixing ratio for fired-clay brick containing RHA is 15% because it complied with the minimum requirement for building material in term of strength and water absorption.

Download Full-text

Effect of Crushed Glass Cullet Sizes on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Red Clay Bricks

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2016/2842969 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patricia Ponce Peña ◽

María Azucena González Lozano ◽

Alicia Rodríguez Pulido ◽

René Homero Lara Castro ◽

Zoe V. Quiñones Jurado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Glass Particle ◽

Glass Cullet ◽

Red Clay ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Total Shrinkage

This study reports the effect of clear waste glass from bottles added on 20 to 30 wt.% and variable particle size (<500, <300, and <212 μm), into clay mixtures for the handmade brick manufacturing process. The bricks were manufactured with mixtures of clay, crushed glass, and water in different proportions, homogenized, casted in wooden molds, air-dried at room temperature for 72 h, and sintered at 1000°C for 12 h. Total shrinkage, water absorption, compressive strength, microstructure, and phase composition are discussed with respect to glass content and its particle size. The results indicate that increasing the content of glass and decreasing its particle size enhanced significantly the brick properties of water absorption and compressive strength by up to 18.5% and 6.8 MPa, for bricks with 30 wt% and particle size lower than 212 μm. It is proposed that decreasing the glass particle size its surface area increases allowing easier melting of glass by lower energy consumption, reducing porosity and enhancing brick properties.

Download Full-text