scholarly journals Study on High Energy Propellant Waste in the Processing of Fired Clay Bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-602
Author(s):  
P.K. Mehta ◽  
A. Kumaraswamy ◽  
V. K. Saraswat ◽  
Praveen Kumar B.
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Baking Process ◽  
Fired Bricks ◽  
Xrd Studies

Utilisation of propellant waste in fabrication of bricks is not only used as efficient waste disposal method but also to get better functional properties. In the present study, high energy propellant (HEP) waste additive mixed with soil and fly ash in different proportions during manufacturing of bricks has been investigated experimentally. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to confirm the brick formation and the effect of HEP waste. Ceramic bricks were fabricated with HEP waste additive in proper proportions i.e. 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 3 wt %, 3.5 wt %, and 4 wt % and then evaluated for water absorption capability and compressive strength. Compressive strength of 6.7 N/mm2, and Water absorption of 22 % have been observed from modified fired bricks impregnated with HEM waste additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to analyze the effect of HEP waste additive on pore formation and distribution in the bricks. Further, the heat resulting from decomposition of propellants can cause a decrease in the energy required of baking process. The process of manufacturing of bricks with HEP waste additive is first of its kind till date.

Effect of Firing Temperature on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Porcelain Balls as Grinding Media

2017 ◽  
Vol 888 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Hasrul Yahya ◽  
Mohd Roslee Othman ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties

Porcelain balls as grinding media are produced by firing process of clay, quartz and feldspar mixtures. This application need high technological properties such as high compressive strength and hardness, wear resistance, low water absorption and excellent chemical resistance. These properties are associated with higher firing temperatures. The porcelain balls were prepared by mixing 30 wt.% clay, 40 wt.% feldspar and 30 wt.% quartz. The samples were sintered at 1200°C, 1230°C, 1250°C, 1270°C and 1300°C for 2 hours with heating rate of 3°C/min. Both green powder and fired samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The properties of the fired samples were evaluated by compressive strength, hardness, shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, and porosity measurement. Increasing of compressive strength, hardness and density are associated with increasing of firing temperatures. Porcelain balls PB1 and PB2 can be produced as grinding media with optimum mechanical and physical properties at firing temperature 1270°C and 1250°C, respectively.

PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE (WTS)-CLAY BRICKS

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Asri Md Nor ◽  
Alia Syafiqah Abdul Hamed ◽  
Faisal Hj Ali ◽  
Ong Keat Khim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Sludge ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
And Performance

Every year, large quantity of water treatment sludge (WTS) is produced from water treatment plant in Malaysia. Sanitary landfill disposal of sludge at authorized sites is the common practice in Malaysia. However, searching the suitable site for landfill is the major problem as the amount of sludge produced keeps on increasing. Reuse of the sludge could be an alternative to disposal. This study investigated the reusability of WTS as brick making material. The performance of clay-WTS bricks produced by mixing clay with different percentages of WTS with increments of 20% from 0% up to 100% was investigated. Each molded brick with optimum moisture content was pressed under constant pressure, oven-dried at 100˚C for 24 hours followed by heating at 600˚C for 2 hours and 1000˚C for 3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize clay, WTS and clay-WTS bricks.  The performance of the bricks were evaluated with firing shrinkage, loss on ignition (LOI), water absorption, bulk density, and compressive strength tests. Increasing the sludge content results in a decrease of brick firing shrinkage, and increase of water absorption and compressive strength. The results revealed that the brick with 100% by weight of sludge could generate the highest compressive strength of 17.123N/mm2. It can be concluded that the bricks with 20 to 100% of water treatment sludge comply with the Malaysian Standard MS7.6:1972, which can fulfill the general requirement for usage of clay bricks in wall construction.

Influence of Rice Husk Ash on the Engineering Properties of Fired-Clay Brick

2013 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.C. Khoo ◽  
I. Johari ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Sand Temperature

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on the engineering properties of fired-clay brick with the present of 10% sand. Temperature 1200°C is selected as the optimum temperature based on the preliminaries study. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were carried out to determine the characteristic of raw materials used. Mechanical properties of rice husk ash-clay bricks are determined in terms of compressive strength, porosity and water absorption. The results shows that increase in RHA replacement percentage reduce the compressive strength and linear shrinkage of fired-clay bricks while the porosity and water absorption value increase. From the investigation, we can conclude that the optimum mixing ratio for fired-clay brick containing RHA is 15% because it complied with the minimum requirement for building material in term of strength and water absorption.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Silica–Lime Materials

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Borek ◽  
Przemysław Czapik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Waste Container

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

scholarly journals Experimental study of the mechanical properties of burnt clay bricks incorporated with plastic and steel waste materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
M Ebadi-Jamkhaneh ◽  
M Ahmadi ◽  
D-P N Kontoni
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Plastic Cast ◽  
Cast Iron Powder

Abstract Traditional masonry bricks are made of clay burnt under high temperatures, resulting in high energy consumption, environmental contaminations and decreased natural raw materials. In order to limit nature risks, inorganic materials have been used to make brick. Four types of materials, including fine and coarse plastic, cast iron, and iron swarf, have been used to make bricks. A total number of 64 specimens were made and tested. The tests results were presented in the form of compressive strength, rupture module, water absorption percentage, and initial water absorption ratio. The result showed that using cast iron powder caused the maximum compressive strength amongst all the samples, and was 46% larger than for the reference bricks. On the other hand, the maximum initial water absorption occurred within the first three hours, while the maximum rate was associated to samples with higher coarse plastic contents.

scholarly journals The Use of Dredged Sediment from the Watsongpeenong Canal with Paper Mill Residue to Produce Facing Bricks

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Jiraporn Namchan ◽  
Nuta Supakata
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Microstructural Properties ◽  
Dredged Sediment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Right

The potential to use dredged sediment from the Watsongpeenong Canal and paper mill residue as the primary raw materials for producing facing bricks was studied in the laboratory. Dredged sediment and paper mill residue were chemically, mineralogically, and thermally characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). To evaluate the effects of the contents of the paper mill residue on pore-forming, large amounts of paper mill residue, ranging from 5 to 7 % by mass, were blended with dredged sediments and fired at 700oC. The physical-mechanical properties, including dimensions and tolerances, wryness, deviation of the right angle, water absorption, compressive strength, stain, hole, rails, and cracks, as well as the microstructural properties of the facing bricks, were investigated. In addition, the heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in the facing bricks were identified. The results indicated that the dimensions and tolerance, wryness, deviation from the right angle, water absorption, compressive strength, holes, and rails of the facing bricks with 5 % and 7 % by weight of paper mill residue were compliant with the requirements of the TIS 168-2546 standard. For stains and cracks, no batches of the facing bricks complied with the standard. Facing bricks made from 93 % dredged sediment and 7 % paper mill residue (93D+7P) obtained the highest compressive strength, with a value of 23.66 MPa. Therefore, dredged sediment and paper mill residue can be considered as suitable for use as primary raw materials in the production of facing bricks.

scholarly journals Research on fabricartion of non-calcined geopolymer ceramics from kaolin Tung Ba, Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-402
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Lan ◽  
Nguyen Anh Duong ◽  
Phan Luu Anh ◽  
Tran Thi Man
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Mineral Component ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

The mineral component of kaolin clay in Tung Ba commune analyzed by X-ray diffraction is composed mainly of kaolinite (24–27%), illite (26–30%) and quartz (40–44%). Chemical composition (wt%) of Tung Ba kaolin determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) shows SiO2 at 59.92–64.98, Al2O3: 18.95–20.82, Fe2O3: 2.28–3.95, SO3: 2.47–4.66, CaO: 0.12–0.36, MgO: 1.72–2.13 and TiO2 at 0.75–1,08. To fabricate geopolymer ceramic, kaolin clay was transformed into metakaolin with the optimal parameters of calcination: the temperature at 750°C and heating time of 120 min. Obtained metakaolin is mixed with mixtures of NaOH/Na2SiO3 (40%wt) with ratios of 0.2, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5 and NaOH molarities are 10M, 12M, 14M. Testing geopolymer ceramics after 28 days had a compressive strength of 40–196 KG/cm2, water absorption of 15.25–17.98% and density of 1.54–1.69 g/cm3, totally satisfied the Vietnamese standard for construction bricks and ceramics.

Comparison of Dolomite Clay and Cullet Addition on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 766 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Rattaphon Kantajan ◽  
Soravich Mulinta
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Component Ratio ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks

The purpose of this study was to study and characterize the properties of physical – mechanical for clay bricks. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Sri Khum red clay, dolomite and cullet. The component ratio of clay brick as an addition Sri Khum red clay 50–90 %, foaming agent (dolomite and cullet) 10–50%. The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength of clay brick were tested. The results showed that the properties of clay bricks after firing at temperature at 900°C were studied. The Sri Khum red clay 80% and cullet 20% had a shrinkage of 6.95%, water absorption of 20.4% and compressive strength of 182 kg/cm2. The physical – mechanical of clay brick achieved the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545).

scholarly journals Experimental study on the properties of modern blue clay brick for Kaifeng People's Conference Hall

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaochun Ma ◽  
Youwen Wu ◽  
Peng Bao
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Building Assessment ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Softening Coefficient

AbstractThis article presents building assessment research comprising on-site inspections, indoor scientific tests, and material performance studies on the wall blue clay bricks in the Kaifeng People’s Conference Hall, objectively developing an enhanced scientific understanding to renovate modern buildings. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), alongside a parametric study of density, moisture content, water absorption, void ratio, frosting, compressive strength, and softening coefficient in assessing the material health of the blue clay bricks and it’s non-key parts, in developing “appropriate and compatible renovation” to repair contemporaneous buildings. The composition, pore characteristics, weathering degree, and mechanical properties of the blue clay brick samples were analyzed. These parameters showed that blue clay brick fired at less than 1000 °C; the main mineral composition as quartz, followed by albite, mica, and anorthite. Its density was 1.573 g/cm3, less than the 1.70 g/cm3 of ordinary clay brick. According to the standards, the water absorption was greater than that of regular sintered bricks by more than 18% and was slightly frosted. Compressive strength being less than MU10 did not meet the current design specifications for masonry. Its softening coefficient was between 0.70 and 0.85, but its water resistance was relatively good. The research results provide an essential reference for judging the health and longevity of modern buildings to achieve scientific guidelines for practical protection.

Characterizations of Synthetic 8mol% YSZ with Comparison to 3mol %YSZ for HT-SOFC

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4A) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
Abeer F. Al-Attar ◽  
Saad B. H. Farid ◽  
Fadhil A. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
X Ray

In this work, Yttria (Y2O3) was successfully doped into tetragonal 3mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (3YSZ) by high energy-mechanical milling to synthesize 8mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) used as an electrolyte for high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (HT-SOFC). This work aims to evaluate the densification and ionic conductivity of the sintered electrolytes at 1650°C. The bulk density was measured according to ASTM C373-17. The powder morphology and the microstructure of the sintered electrolytes were analyzed via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The chemical analysis was obtained with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to obtain structural information of the starting materials and the sintered electrolytes. The ionic conductivity was obtained through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the air as a function of temperatures at a frequency range of 100(mHz)-100(kHz). It is found that the 3YSZ has a higher density than the 8YSZ. The impedance analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the prepared 8YSZ at 800°C is0.906 (S.cm) and it was 0.214(S.cm) of the 3YSZ. Besides, 8YSZ has a lower activation energy 0.774(eV) than that of the 3YSZ 0.901(eV). Thus, the prepared 8YSZ can be nominated as an electrolyte for the HT-SOFC.

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