Fragmentation of soil aggregates induced by secondary raindrop splash erosion

CATENA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 104342
Author(s):  
Yu Fu ◽  
Guanglu Li ◽  
Tenghui Zheng ◽  
Yingsong Zhao ◽  
Mingxi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Raindrop Splash

scholarly journals Experimental Setup for Splash Erosion Monitoring—Study of Silty Loam Splash Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zumr ◽  
Danilo Vítor Mützenberg ◽  
Martin Neumann ◽  
Jakub Jeřábek ◽  
Tomáš Laburda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Raindrop Splash

An experimental laboratory setup was developed and evaluated in order to investigate detachment of soil particles by raindrop splash impact. The soil under investigation was a silty loam Cambisol, which is typical for agricultural fields in Central Europe. The setup consisted of a rainfall simulator and soil samples packed into splash cups (a plastic cylinder with a surface area of 78.5 cm2) positioned in the center of sediment collectors with an outer diameter of 45 cm. A laboratory rainfall simulator was used to simulate rainfall with a prescribed intensity and kinetic energy. Photographs of the soil’s surface before and after the experiments were taken to create digital models of relief and to calculate changes in surface roughness and the rate of soil compaction. The corresponding amount of splashed soil ranged between 10 and 1500 g m−2 h−1. We observed a linear relationship between the rainfall kinetic energy and the amount of the detached soil particles. The threshold kinetic energy necessary to initiate the detachment process was 354 J m−2 h−1. No significant relationship between rainfall kinetic energy and splashed sediment particle-size distribution was observed. The splash erosion process exhibited high variability within each repetition, suggesting a sensitivity of the process to the actual soil surface microtopography.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Straw Mulch on Infiltration, Splash Erosion, Runoff and Sediment in Laboratory Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Kazimierz Banasik ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi ◽  
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
Leszek Hejduk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mulches have extraordinary potential in reducing surface runoff, increasing infiltration of water into the soil and decreasing soil erosion. The straw mulches as a biological material, has the ability to be a significant physical barrier against the impact of raindrops and reduce the detachment of soil aggregates. The present study is an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch as conservation treatment in changes in the splash erosion, time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, infiltration coefficient, time-to-drainage, drainage coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss. The laboratory experiments have been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from deforested area, about 15 km of Warsaw west, Poland under lab conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 60 and 120 mmh–1, in 4 soil moistures of 12, 25, 33 and 40% and the slope of 9%. Compared with bare treatments, results of straw mulch application showed the significant conservation effects on splash erosion, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss and significant enhancement effects on infiltration and drainage. The results of Spearman-Rho correlation showed the significant (p < 0.05) correlation with r = –0.873, 0.873, 0.878 and 0.764 between rainfall intensity and drainage coefficient, downstream splash, sediment concentration and soil loss and with r = –0.976, 0.927 and –0.927 between initial soil moisture content and time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient and infiltration coefficient, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of litter source on soil splash rates and organic carbon loss in different soil horizons

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmas Parwada ◽  
Johan Van Tol
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Litter Quality ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Fresh Litter ◽  
Raindrop Splash

Organic litter stabilizes soil particles against the raindrop splash effect. To date, limited research has critically examined the effects of litter quality on soil aggregate detachment and soil organic carbon loss by raindrop splash impact. A study was conducted to determine the effects of different litter sources on quantity of splashed sediments and soil organic carbon (SOC) loss under simulated rainstorm patterns. Soils from seven sieved (< 0.25 mm) horizons mixed with either high-quality Vachellia karroo leaf (C/N = 23.8) and/or low-quality Zea mays stover litter (C/N = 37.4) were incubated in a laboratory for 30 weeks. Splashed sediments and SOC were measured at 1, 3, 8, 14, 23 and 30 weeks of incubation for each soil at 360 mm/h simulated rainfall intensity applied as either single 8-min rainstorm (SR) or 4 × 2-min intermittent rainstorms (IR) separated by a 72-h drying period. Organic litter significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the splashed sediments up to 8 and 14 weeks under IR and SR storms, respectively, and thereafter gradually lost its stabilizing effect on soil aggregates. In order to maintain low quantities of splashed sediments, fresh litter has to be re-applied after this stage. Generally, 13% and 25% more sediments were splashed under IR than SR at 1, 3 and 30, and 8, 14 and 23 weeks after incubation, respectively. Litter quality effect on splash sediments varied across soil horizons but were the same within a soil horizon. Soil horizons with more clay than sand particles had lower quantities of sediments. The SOC loss was influenced by the initial SOC content and primary particle size distribution. Rainstorm pattern and initial SOC content were the main factors that influenced SOC loss. However, more rainstorm patterns should be investigated for these soils.

The effects of conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantation on splash erosion in Xishuangbanna, SW China

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Liu ◽  
Qinpu Luo ◽  
Jintao Li ◽  
Pingyuan Wang ◽  
Hongjian Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Sw China ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Average Potential ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Raindrop Splash

The Xishuangbanna (SW China) landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations. This study characterized the influence of conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantation on potential splash erosion rate and actual splash erosion rate. The average potential splash erosion rate was 2.1 times higher in the rubber plantation than in the open, while for the rainforest it was only 1.2 times higher than in the open, suggesting that the rubber plantation canopy greatly increased the rainsplash erosion. The average actual splash erosion rate was 2.0 times higher in the rubber plantation than in the rainforest, demonstrating that the rainforest was more effective in controlling splash erosion. The actual splash erosion rate was considerably lower in the terrace bench than in the riser bank in the rubber plantation, indicating that the riser bank was more sensitive to raindrop splash. Hence, protection of terrace risers with productive vegetation or litter/mulch layer is of vital importance in this bench-terraced rubber plantation. These results clearly show that conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantation had a negative effect on controlling splash erosion.

scholarly journals Splash erosion in maize crops under conservation management in combination with shallow strip-tillage before sowing

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Brant ◽  
M. Kroulík ◽  
J. Pivec ◽  
P. Zábranský ◽  
J. Hakl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Plant Coverage ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
The Stability

Soil under maize cropping is among the most endangered by erosion. The effect of conservation tillage management on values of splash erosion when using shallow strip tillage before sowing maize was evaluated in the Central Bohemian region (Czech Republic) during the period 2010–2012. The following types of tillage management using conventional technology and shallow tillage were evaluated: ploughed plots with mulch formed by weed biomass (PL<sub>W</sub>), ploughed plots with mulch from perennial ryegrass plants (PL<sub>PR</sub>), ploughed plots without mulch (PL) and shallow tillage (ST) where the mulch was formed by cereals straw. Furthermore, values of the splash erosion, plants and plant residues coverage ratio of soil by image analysis and the stability of soil aggregates were monitored during the whole experiment. The average value of splash erosion (MSR) was higher by 18.7% in the variant of PL<sub>W</sub>, lower by 35.9% in PL<sub>PR</sub>, and lower by 39.5% in ST, than in the control treatment PL (MSR value for PL = 100%) for the whole evaluated period (2010–2012). The average values of the soil surface plant coverage ratio in the plots with mulch ranged from 1.5 to 43.0% at the beginning of the vegetation period, and from 4.9 to 85.5% in the second half of the vegetation period. A positive correlation was observed between the average values of the stability of soil aggregates and the plant coverage ratio of the soil surface in 2010 and 2011.

scholarly journals Raindrop Energy Impact on the Distribution Characteristics of Splash Aggregates of Cultivated Dark Loessial Cores

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Fu ◽  
Guanglu Li ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Tenghui Zheng ◽  
Mingxi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Energy Impact ◽  
Parabolic Relationship ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Raindrop Energy

To determine the effect of different rainfall energy levels on the breakdown of soil aggregates, this study analyzed the soil splash erosion amounts and the distribution of particle sizes under six rainfall conditions (rainfall energy: 2.41 × 10−5–22.4 × 10−5 J m−2 s−1 and 1.29 × 10−4 J m−2 s−1) at five splash distances (from 0–10 cm to 40–50 cm). Cores of the size 10 × 20 cm of undisturbed cultivated dark loessial soil were selected in tree replicates as the research subject. The results indicated that splashed aggregates were distributed mainly at splash distances of 0–20 cm, which accounted for 66%–90% of the total splash erosion amount. The splash erosion amount significantly decreased exponentially with increasing splash distance for the same rainfall energy (p < 0.01). The splash erosion amount significantly increased in the power function relationship with increasing rainfall energy at the same splash distance (p < 0.05). A model was obtained to predict the splash erosion amount for rainfall energy and splash distance. The fractal dimension (D) of the aggregates showed a downward opening parabolic relationship with raindrop energy. The maximal value of the rainfall energy was 1.286 × 10−4 J m−2 s−1, which broke the aggregates to the largest degree. Enrichment ratio (ER) values for fragments >2 mm were close to 0. A particle size of 0.25 mm was the critical particle level for splash erosion.

Resistance of Coarse-grained Particles against Raindrop Splash and Its Relation with Splash Erosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunwook Choo ◽  
Ka-Hyun Park ◽  
Jongmook Won ◽  
Susan E. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Raindrop Splash
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document