Linking mango infestation by fruit flies to fruit maturity and fly pressure: A prerequisite to improve fruit fly damage management via harvest timing optimization

Les mouches de fruits en infestant les mangues greffées causent des pertes considérables et un manque à gagner aux différents acteurs en passant par les producteurs jusqu’aux consommateurs. Pour venir à bout de ces insectes nuisibles, la pulvérisation des insecticides chimiques de synthèse est généralement la solution la plus commune et de premier recours dans toutes les régions du Togo. Mais cette méthode reste dangereuse pour la santé humaine et environnementale et peu rentable économiquement. Cette étude a pour objective de tester l’efficacité du piège Biofeed, une solution alternative, respectueuse de l’environnement et de la santé de l’Homme. Trois vergers d’environ 1 ha pour les trois traitements (piège Biofeed, piège M3 et le control) ont été choisis dans chacune des cinq régions du Togo. Les pièges ont été installés à la prématuration des fruits à une densité de 25 pièges/ha et sont suivis toutes les deux semaines jusqu’à la récolte finale en procédant aux échantillonnages des mangues pour l’évaluation du taux infestation et identification des espèces de mouche de fruits. Après la pose et le suivi des infestations, les pièges Biofeed se sont révélés efficaces en réduisant sur le plan national les dégâts des mouches de fruits de 73,60% tandis que les pièges M3 n’ont entrainé qu’une réductionde 39,94%. Les vergers ayant bénéficiés de ces pièges ont connu des taux d’infestations faibles promettant une bonne récolte. L’incubation des mangues récoltées dans les vergers ont permis de recenser 4 genres de mouches de fruits (Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Zeugodacus) et Bactrocera dorsalis est l’espèce la plus abondante retrouvée sur ce fruit d’importance économique. Mots clés : Mouches de fruit, mangue greffée, piège Biofeed, piège M3. English title: Efficacy of parapheromone traps in the protection of grafted mango orchards against fruit flies in TogoFruit flies by infesting grafted mangoes cause considerable losses and loss of profit to the various actors range from producers to consumers. To control these pests, synthetic chemical insecticides use is generally the most common and first resort solution in all regions of Togo. But this method remains dangerous for human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to test the effecacy of Biofeed trap, an alternative solution that is environmentally friendly in comparison with a trap already used in the field (M3 traps based on food bait). Three orchards of about 1 ha for the 3 treatments (Biofeed trap, M3 trap and control) were chosen in each of the five regions of Togo. The traps were installed at the premature fruit maturity at a density of 25 traps / ha and were monitored every two weeks until the final harvest by sampling the mangoes for the assessment of the infestation rate and identification of fruits fly species. After setting traps and monitoring the infestations, Biofeed traps proved effective by reducing fruit fly damage by 73.60% nationally, while M3 traps by 39.94%. The orchards that benefited from these traps had low infestation rates that promissing a good harvest. Incubation of the mangoes harvested in the orchards have allowed to identify 4 genera of fruit flies (Bactrocera, Ceratitis,Dacus, Zeugodacus) and Bactrocera dorsalis is the most abundant species found on this economically important fruit.Keywords: Fruit flies, grafted mango, Biofeed and M3 traps.

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Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toab035 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter A Follett ◽

Fay E M Haynes ◽

Bernard C Dominiak

Keyword(s):

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Production ◽

General Purpose ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Infestation Rate ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Host Status ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (<0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (>100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

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Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

CABI Agriculture and Bioscience ◽

10.1186/s43170-021-00043-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael D. Ormsby

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

International Standards ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Export Restriction ◽

Fly Control ◽

Financial Impacts ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

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Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758416000242 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (01) ◽

pp. 19-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Domingos Cugala ◽

João Jone Jordane ◽

Sunday Ekesi

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Market Access ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Ripening Stage ◽

Field Cage ◽

Major Barrier ◽

Ripening Stages

AbstractPhytosanitary measures are a major barrier to trade in papaya. We assessed the infestation of tephritid fruit flies on different stages of maturity of papaya, to determine its non-host stage of maturity, for market access. Papaya fruits were collected from Kilifi and Embu counties, Kenya from March 2013 to December 2014, to assess the level of infestation by fruit flies according to the degree of fruit ripening. In all locations, no fruit fly infestation was recorded on papaya when fruits were at the 0, 25 and 50% yellow fruit ripening stage.Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) was, however, observed attacking fruits when papaya fruits were at 75 and 100% all yellow (fully ripe fruit ripening stage) with infestations of 0.19−0.51B. dorsalis/kg fruit and 0.24−1.24B. dorsalis/kg fruit, respectively, in all locations. Field cage exposure ofB. dorsalisto fruits of five papaya cultivars—‘Papino’, ‘Neo Essence’, ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Tainung No. 1’ and ‘Tainung No. 2’ in Manica Province, Mozambique—showed thatB. dorsalisdid not infest fruits at 0, 25 and 50% yellow ripening stages at the densities of 50 and 100 flies per cage. However, at 75% yellow ripening stage, up to 13.1 pupae/kg of fruits was recorded at a density of 150 flies per cage in Tainung No. 1, and infestation ranged from 4.5 to 136 pupae/kg fruits at 100% yellow ripening stage across all the cultivars and infestation densities. Laboratory evaluation of volatiles emanating from freshly crushed papaya pulp of four cultivars: ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Papayi’ and ‘Apoyo’ on egg viability ofB. dorsalisshowed that at 0, 25 and 50% yellow, egg hatchability was inhibited, suggesting that semiochemical compounds present in green tissues of papaya prevent egg development, although this effect was variable across the four cultivars and ripening stages. Export papaya is harvested at less than 40% yellow ripening stage. Our results, therefore, suggest that quarantine treatment for fruits at this ripening stage is inconsequential, asB. dorsalisdoes not infest papaya fruits at this stage; thus, authorities should permit entry of these papaya cultivars of less than 40% yellow ripening stage to quarantine-sensitive markets.

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Technologies for Forecasting Tree Fruit Load and Harvest Timing—From Ground, Sky and Time

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1409

Author(s):

Nicholas Todd Anderson ◽

Kerry Brian Walsh ◽

Dvoralai Wulfsohn

Keyword(s):

Machine Vision ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Sampling Strategies ◽

Yield Data ◽

Proximal Sensing ◽

Fruit Number ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Harvest Timing ◽

Fruit Load

The management and marketing of fruit requires data on expected numbers, size, quality and timing. Current practice estimates orchard fruit load based on the qualitative assessment of fruit number per tree and historical orchard yield, or manually counting a subsample of trees. This review considers technological aids assisting these estimates, in terms of: (i) improving sampling strategies by the number of units to be counted and their selection; (ii) machine vision for the direct measurement of fruit number and size on the canopy; (iii) aerial or satellite imagery for the acquisition of information on tree structural parameters and spectral indices, with the indirect assessment of fruit load; (iv) models extrapolating historical yield data with knowledge of tree management and climate parameters, and (v) technologies relevant to the estimation of harvest timing such as heat units and the proximal sensing of fruit maturity attributes. Machine vision is currently dominating research outputs on fruit load estimation, while the improvement of sampling strategies has potential for a widespread impact. Techniques based on tree parameters and modeling offer scalability, but tree crops are complicated (perennialism). The use of machine vision for flowering estimates, fruit sizing, external quality evaluation is also considered. The potential synergies between technologies are highlighted.

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Diversity and seasonality of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) in orchards of guava, loquat and peach

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842009000100004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 31-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

MF. Souza-Filho ◽

A. Raga ◽

JA. Azevedo-Filho ◽

PC. Strikis ◽

JA. Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Seasonal Behavior ◽

Leptopilina Boulardi ◽

Torula Yeast ◽

Tephritid Species

This work was carried out in orchards of guava progenies, and loquat and peach cultivars, in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in 2002 and 2003. Guavas and loquats were bagged and unbagged bi-weekly and weekly, respectively, for assessment of the infestation period. Peach was only bagged weekly. The assays started when the fruits were at the beginning of development, but still green. Ripe fruits were taken to the laboratory and placed individually into plastic cups. McPhail plastic traps containing torula yeast were hung from January 2002 to January 2004 to assess the fruit fly population in each orchard, but only the Ceratitis capitata population is here discussed. Five tephritid species were reared from the fruits: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, and C. capitata, in addition to six lonchaeid species: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4, and Neosilba sp. 10 (both species are in the process of being described by P. C. Strikis), as well as some unidentified Neosilba species. Ten parasitoid species were obtained from fruit fly puparia, of which five were braconids: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and five figitids: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut), and Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata showed a seasonal behavior with population density peaking at the second semester of each year. Anastrepha and Neosilba species remained in the orchards throughout both years.

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Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758415000090 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (03) ◽

pp. 137-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K.B. Badii ◽

M.K. Billah ◽

K. Afreh-Nuamah ◽

D. Obeng-Ofori

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Plant Species ◽

Host Plants ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Wild Host ◽

Fruit Samples

An important aspect of fruit fly management is accurate information on the species and their host spectrum. Studies were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 to determine the host range and species diversity of pest fruit flies in the northern savannah ecology of Ghana. Fruit samples from 80 potential host plants (wild and cultivated) were collected and incubated for fly emergence; 65 (81.5%) of the plant species were positive to fruit flies. From records in Africa, 11 plant species were reported to be new hosts to the African invader fly,Bactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005). This study documented the first records ofDacus ciliatus(Loew) andTrirhithrum nigerrimum(Bezzi) in northern Ghana although both species have been previously reported in other parts of the country. Infestation byB. invadenswas higher in the cultivated fruits;Ceratitis cosyradominated in most wild fruits. Cucurbitaceae were mainly infested by three species ofDacusandBactroceracucurbitae, a specialized cucurbit feeder. Among the commercial fruit species, the highest infestations were observed in mango, tomato, sweet pepper and watermelon, whereas marula plum, soursop, tropical almond, sycamore fig, African peach, shea nut, persimmon, icacina and albarillo dominated the wild host flora. The widespread availability of host plants and the incidence of diverse fly species in the ecology call for particular attention to their impact on commercial fruits and the development of sustainable management strategies against these economically important pests in Ghana.

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Locomotion is not influenced by denticle number in larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z05-027 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 368-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark J Fitzpatrick ◽

Evelyn Szewczyk

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Related Species ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Locomotory Performance ◽

Locomotion Speed

Denticles are small projections on the underside of larval fruit flies that are used to grip the substrate while crawling. Previous studies have shown that (i) there is natural variation in denticle number and pattern between Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) and several closely related species and (ii) mutations affecting denticle morphology have negative effects on locomotory performance. We hypothesized that there would be a correlation between denticle number and locomotory performance within populations of D. melanogaster. Despite finding considerable variation in denticle number, we found no correlation between denticle number and three measurements of larval locomotion: speed, acceleration, and absolute turning rate.

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APLIKASI BEBERAPA EKSTRAK TANAMAN SEBAGAI BAHAN PERANGKAP LALAT BUAH (Bactrocera sp.)

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v11i2.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Wahyuni ◽

Petrus Deornay

Keyword(s):

Plant Extract ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Average Value ◽

Bactrocera Latifrons

Application Some Extracts of plant as Trap Material of Fruit Flies (Bactrocera sp). This study aims to determine: 1) the ability of Pala, Basil and Clove seed extract as a trap material for Bactrocera sp. 2) the best plant extract as a trap material for Bactrocera sp. The extraction activity was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores, while the fruit fly trap installation was carried out in Ndengga Rongge Village (± 913 m asl) and Lokoboko (± 698 m asl) in Ende Regency. The study was conducted for 3 months, namely in April - June 2018. Observation variables used included the types of fruit fly found in the field and calculated the level of diversity, abundance and dominance of pests and the capture power of each trap in the type of extraction. There are three types of fruit flies trapped in 3 types of attractants in tomato plantations, namely Bactrocera papaya, Bactrocera umbrosa Fabricius and Bactrocera latifrons Handel. Diversity index of Bactrocera sp. in the research location is still relatively low. The highest abundance is B.papayae with the average value of H '= 1.86 and the lowest is B.latifros (H’= 0,07). There is no dominance of type at research location which indicates that the condition of the ecosystem is still stable. Nutmeg extract is the best attractant trap material as an attractant material in field flies

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Non-canonical function of theSex-lethalgene controls the protogyny phenotype inDrosophila melanogaster

10.1101/2021.03.02.433534 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ki-Hyeon Seong ◽

Siu Kang

Keyword(s):

Dosage Compensation ◽

Sexual Maturation ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Activity Monitoring ◽

Whole Body ◽

Human Beings ◽

Canonical Function ◽

Individual Activity ◽

Time Points

AbstractMany animal species exhibit sex differences in the time period prior to reaching sexual maturity. However, the underlying mechanism for such biased maturation remains poorly understood. Females of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogastereclose 4 h faster on average than males, owing to differences in the pupal period between the sexes; this characteristic is referred to as the protogyny phenotype. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the protogyny phenotype in the fruit fly using our newly developedDrosophilaIndividual Activity Monitoring and Detecting System (DIAMonDS), which can continuously detect the precise timing of both pupariation and eclosion of individual flies. Via this system, following the laying of eggs, we detected the precise time points of pupariation and eclosion of a large number of individual flies simultaneously and succeeded in identifying the tiny differences in pupal duration between females and males. We first explored the role of physiological sex by establishing transgender flies via knockdown of the sex-determination gene,transformer(tra) and its co-factortra2, which retained the protogyny phenotype. In addition, disruption of dosage compensation bymale-specific lethal(msl-2) knockdown did not affect the protogyny phenotype. TheDrosophilamaster sex switch gene—Sxlpromotes female differentiation viatraand turns off male dosage compensation through the repression ofmsl-2.However, we observed that stage-specific whole-body knockdown and mutation ofSxlinduced disturbance of the protogyny phenotype. These results suggest that an additional, non-canonical function ofSxlinvolves establishing the protogyny phenotype inD. melanogaster.Author summaryA wide variety of animals show differences in time points of sexual maturation between sexes. For example, in many mammals, including human beings, females mature faster than males. This maturation often takes several months or years, and precisely detecting the time point of maturation is challenging, because of the continuity of growth, especially in mammals. Moreover, the reason behind the difference in sexual maturation time points between sexes is not fully understood. The fruit flyDrosophila—a model organism—also shows biased maturation between the sexes, with females emerging 4 h faster than males (a characteristic known as the protogyny phenotype). To understand the mechanism underlying the protogyny phenotype, we used our newly developed system,DrosophilaIndividual Activity Monitoring and Detecting System (DIAMonDS), to detect the precise eclosion point in individual fruit flies. Surprisingly, our analysis of transgender flies obtained by knockdown and overexpression techniques indicated that a physiological gender might not be necessary requirement for protogyny and that a non-canonical novel function of the fruit fly master sex switch gene,Sxl, regulates protogyny in fruit flies.

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