scholarly journals Group Behavior: Social Context Modulates Behavioral Responses to Sensory Stimuli

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. R467-R469
Author(s):  
Sara M. Wasserman ◽  
Mark A. Frye
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Sensory Stimuli

Conclusion

Entitled ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 132-156
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Lena
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Aesthetic Movement ◽  
Vernacular Culture ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
American Vernacular

This concluding chapter reviews the book's major arguments, and then briefly addresses some questions that remain. If one wishes to develop a deeper understanding of cultural tastes, one must seek to link them to particular organizational and institutional contexts—the environments that support their emergence, development, or decline. Once one has a comprehensive understanding of how social context and group behavior operate in particular circumstances, one can develop a theory of the mechanisms of “omnivorousness.” Such a theory is necessary in order to develop reliable indicators that can guide comparative research. The chapter then evaluates the possibility of detecting patterns, or trajectories, in how vernacular culture fields become art. It also examines the potential reasons for these patterns, including the possibility of an aesthetic movement that spans many fields—an American “vernacular modernism.” Asking if it is possible to fight the legitimation process, it considers two cases in which claims to legitimacy have been contested: the kitsch paintings of Thomas Kinkade and the designer toys movement.

Activation of Monkey Locus Coeruleus Neurons Varies With Difficulty and Performance in a Target Detection Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Rajkowski ◽  
Henryk Majczynski ◽  
Edwin Clayton ◽  
Gary Aston-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Correct Rejection ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Target Detection Task

We previously reported that noradrenergic neurons in the monkey locus coeruleus (LC) are activated selectively by target stimuli in a target detection task. Here, we varied the discrimination difficulty in this task and recorded impulse activity of LC neurons to analyze LC responses on error trials and in relation to behavioral response times (RTs). In easy and difficult discrimination conditions, LC neurons responded preferentially to target stimuli with phasic activation. These responses consistently preceded behavioral responses regardless of task difficulty. Latencies for LC and behavioral responses increased similarly for difficult compared with easy discrimination trials. LC response latencies were also shorter for fast RT trials compared with slow RT trials regardless of difficulty, indicating a close temporal relationship between LC and behavioral responses. This relationship was confirmed with response-locked histograms of LC activity, which yielded more temporally synchronized LC responses than stimulus-locked histograms. Population histograms of LC activity revealed that nontarget stimuli resulting in false alarm responses produced phasic LC activation (although smaller than for target-hit trials), and nontarget stimuli resulting in correct rejection responses yielded a small inhibition in LC activity. Population analyses also revealed that LC responses included an early, small excitatory component that was not previously detected. This early response was nondiscriminative because it was similar for target and nontarget stimulus trials. These results indicate that LC neurons exhibit early small magnitude responses that are closely linked to sensory stimuli. In addition, these cells show a later, larger magnitude response that is temporally linked to behavioral responses. These and other results lead us to hypothesize that LC responses are driven by decision processes and help facilitate subsequent behavioral responses.

scholarly journals Oxytocin promotes convergence in personality between members of a monogamous pair

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick K. Monari ◽  
Nathaniel S. Rieger ◽  
Kathryn Hartfield ◽  
Juliette Schefelker ◽  
Catherine A. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalization ◽  
Pair Formation ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Behavioral Type ◽  
Behavioral Convergence ◽  
Aggressive Signals

AbstractSocial context is critical in shaping behavioral responses to stimuli and can alter an individual’s behavioral type, which would otherwise be fixed in social isolation. For monogamous biparental vertebrates, social context is critical as interactions are frequent and consistent, involving high interindividual dependence and cooperation that can lead to large fitness impacts. We demonstrate that in the strictly monogamous and highly territorial California mouse, individuals alter approach response to an aggressive conspecific playback stimulus, barks, to become more similar to their partner during early bonding prior to pup birth; an effect distinct from assortative mating. Additionally, sustained vocalizations, an affiliative ultrasonic vocalization when used between pair members, correlate with increased behavioral convergence following pair formation suggesting a role for vocal communication in emergent pair behavior. We identified the neuropeptide oxytocin as sufficient to promote behavioral convergence in approach behavior of paired individuals who differed in their initial behavioral type. Social context, specifically pair-bonding, appears vital for behavioral responses to aggressive signals. While non-bonded animals maintained stable responses, pair-bonding led to an emergent property: convergence in behavioral responses. This convergence can be driven by oxytocin revealing a significant expansion in oxytocin’s effects on behavioral coordination.

Behavioral Responses to Sensory Stimuli During Play at Community-Based Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4_Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 7311505184p1
Author(s):  
Kelle DeBoth ◽  
Paige Brown ◽  
Emily Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sensory Stimuli

Neurons in the Thalamic CM-Pf Complex Supply Striatal Neurons With Information About Behaviorally Significant Sensory Events

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 960-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Takafumi Minamimoto ◽  
Ann M. Graybiel ◽  
Minoru Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Sensory Responsiveness ◽  
Input System ◽  
Tonically Active Neurons ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Sensory Responses

The projection from the thalamic centre médian–parafascicular (CM-Pf) complex to the caudate nucleus and putamen forms a massive striatal input system in primates. We examined the activity of 118 neurons in the CM and 62 neurons in the Pf nuclei of the thalamus and 310 tonically active neurons (TANs) in the striatum in awake behaving macaque monkeys and analyzed the effects of pharmacologic inactivation of the CM-Pf on the sensory responsiveness of the striatal TANs. A large proportion of CM and Pf neurons responded to visual (53%) and/or auditory beep (61%) or click (91%) stimuli presented in behavioral tasks, and many responded to unexpected auditory, visual, or somatosensory stimuli presented outside the task context. The neurons fell into two classes: those having short-latency facilitatory responses (SLF neurons, predominantly in the Pf) and those having long-latency facilitatory responses (LLF neurons, predominantly in the CM). Responses of both types of neuron appeared regardless of whether or not the sensory stimuli were associated with reward. These response characteristics of CM-Pf neurons sharply contrasted with those of TANs in the striatum, which under the same conditions responded preferentially to stimuli associated with reward. Many CM-Pf neurons responded to alerting stimuli such as unexpected handclaps and noises only for the first few times that they occurred; after that, the identical stimuli gradually became ineffective in evoking responses. Habituation of sensory responses was particularly common for the LLF neurons. Inactivation of neuronal activity in the CM and Pf by local infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, almost completely abolished the pause and rebound facilitatory responses of TANs in the striatum. Such injections also diminished behavioral responses to stimuli associated with reward. We suggest that neurons in the CM and Pf supply striatal neurons with information about behaviorally significant sensory events that can activate conditional responses of striatal neurons in combination with dopamine-mediated nigrostriatal inputs having motivational value.

The Lower Bounds of Cognition: What Do Spinal Cords Reveal?

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Allen ◽  
James W. Grau ◽  
Mary W. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Interesting Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

This article examines the role of the spinal cords in cognition. It reviews animal science research that challenges the view that behavioral responses to sensory stimuli that do not involve brain mediation are fixed, automatic, and non-cognitive in nature. This research has shown the spinal cord to be a flexible and interesting learning system in its own right. This article discusses the consequences of these findings for philosophical understanding of the relationship between learning, cognition, and even consciousness. The article also explains the relevant concepts of instrumental conditioning and antinociception and conditioned antinociception.

scholarly journals fMRI-based detection of alertness predicts behavioral response variability

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E Goodale ◽  
Nafis Ahmed ◽  
Chong Zhao ◽  
Jacco A de Zwart ◽  
Pinar S Özbay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Statistical Detection ◽  
Neural Variability ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

Levels of alertness are closely linked with human behavior and cognition. However, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows for investigating whole-brain dynamics during behavior and task engagement, concurrent measures of alertness (such as EEG or pupillometry) are often unavailable. Here, we extract a continuous, time-resolved marker of alertness from fMRI data alone. We demonstrate that this fMRI alertness marker, calculated in a short pre-stimulus interval, captures trial-to-trial behavioral responses to incoming sensory stimuli. In addition, we find that the prediction of both EEG and behavioral responses during the task may be accomplished using only a small fraction of fMRI voxels. Furthermore, we observe that accounting for alertness appears to increase the statistical detection of task-activated brain areas. These findings have broad implications for augmenting a large body of existing datasets with information about ongoing arousal states, enriching fMRI studies of neural variability in health and disease.

Neural Mechanisms of Audiovisual Integration in Integrated Processing for Verbal Perception and Spatial Factors

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Weiping Yang ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Takahashi Satoshi ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Integrated Processing ◽  
The Relationship

People perceive information from the outside world using several sensory organs rather than through a single one. First, relevant information is processed in the corresponding sensory area independently and then integrated in a multi-sensory processing cerebral region. The integration process influences the later behavioral responses to the sensory stimuli. Based on previous research, this chapter summarizes the neural mechanisms and the influencing factors of audiovisual integration. These include the relationship between the spatial location of auditory stimuli, visual stimuli, and verbal perception. According to research in neurology, the main neural mechanisms of audiovisual integration are from the superior temporal sulcus in the rear left region of the human brain. In the future, research on the combination of virtual reality technology and audiovisual integration should be continued to enable the research achievements to have more ecological effects.

scholarly journals Contextual perception under active inference

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Berk Mirza ◽  
Maell Cullen ◽  
Thomas Parr ◽  
Sukhi Shergill ◽  
Rosalyn J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Target Face ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Inference Models ◽  
Mental State Attribution ◽  
The Social

AbstractHuman social interactions depend on the ability to resolve uncertainty about the mental states of others. The context in which social interactions take place is crucial for mental state attribution as sensory inputs may be perceived differently depending on the context. In this paper, we introduce a mental state attribution task where a target-face with either an ambiguous or an unambiguous emotion is embedded in different social contexts. The social context is determined by the emotions conveyed by other faces in the scene. This task involves mental state attribution to a target-face (either happy or sad) depending on the social context. Using active inference models, we provide a proof of concept that an agent’s perception of sensory stimuli may be altered by social context. We show with simulations that context congruency and facial expression coherency improve behavioural performance in terms of decision times. Furthermore, we show through simulations that the abnormal viewing strategies employed by patients with schizophrenia may be due to (i) an imbalance between the precisions of local and global features in the scene and (ii) a failure to modulate the sensory precision to contextualise emotions.

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