Neural Mechanisms of Audiovisual Integration in Integrated Processing for Verbal Perception and Spatial Factors

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Weiping Yang ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Takahashi Satoshi ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Integrated Processing ◽  
The Relationship

People perceive information from the outside world using several sensory organs rather than through a single one. First, relevant information is processed in the corresponding sensory area independently and then integrated in a multi-sensory processing cerebral region. The integration process influences the later behavioral responses to the sensory stimuli. Based on previous research, this chapter summarizes the neural mechanisms and the influencing factors of audiovisual integration. These include the relationship between the spatial location of auditory stimuli, visual stimuli, and verbal perception. According to research in neurology, the main neural mechanisms of audiovisual integration are from the superior temporal sulcus in the rear left region of the human brain. In the future, research on the combination of virtual reality technology and audiovisual integration should be continued to enable the research achievements to have more ecological effects.

The Persuasive Effect of Product Placements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravineet Kaur ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Apurva Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Product Placements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Marketers are increasingly relying on covert advertising tactics to persuade consumers. This empirical study selected the context of an emerging market to examine the effectiveness of product placements. Using an experimental design, we captured the affective and behavioral responses of young Indian adults. The results indicated that young adults are positive about product placements. The mediating role of brand attitude change in the relationship between attitude toward product placements and purchase intentions is established. The study provides valuable insights into the impact of execution factors on viewers’ responses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed based on the results of this study.

Individual Alpha Frequency Relates to the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Keil ◽  
Daniel Senkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Alpha Frequency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Alpha Frequency ◽  
The Relationship

Ongoing neural oscillations reflect fluctuations of cortical excitability. A growing body of research has underlined the role of neural oscillations for stimulus processing. Neural oscillations in the alpha band have gained special interest in electrophysiological research on perception. Recent studies proposed the idea that neural oscillations provide temporal windows in which sensory stimuli can be perceptually integrated. This also includes multisensory integration. In the current high-density EEG-study we examined the relationship between the individual alpha frequency (IAF) and cross-modal audiovisual integration in the sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI). In 26 human volunteers we found a negative correlation between the IAF and the SIFI illusion rate. Individuals with a lower IAF showed higher audiovisual illusions. Source analysis suggested an involvement of the visual cortex, especially the calcarine sulcus, for this relationship. Our findings corroborate the notion that the IAF affects the cross-modal integration of auditory on visual stimuli in the SIFI. We integrate our findings with recent observations on the relationship between audiovisual integration and neural oscillations and suggest a multifaceted influence of neural oscillations on multisensory processing.

The Lower Bounds of Cognition: What Do Spinal Cords Reveal?

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Allen ◽  
James W. Grau ◽  
Mary W. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Interesting Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

This article examines the role of the spinal cords in cognition. It reviews animal science research that challenges the view that behavioral responses to sensory stimuli that do not involve brain mediation are fixed, automatic, and non-cognitive in nature. This research has shown the spinal cord to be a flexible and interesting learning system in its own right. This article discusses the consequences of these findings for philosophical understanding of the relationship between learning, cognition, and even consciousness. The article also explains the relevant concepts of instrumental conditioning and antinociception and conditioned antinociception.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms supporting emotional and self-relevant information processing and encoding in older and younger adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan T Daley ◽  
Holly J Bowen ◽  
Eric C Fields ◽  
Katelyn Parisi ◽  
Angela Gutchess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Neutral Information ◽  
Referential Processing

Emotion and self-referential processing can both enhance memory, but whether they do so via common mechanisms across the adult lifespan remains underexplored. To fill this gap, the current study directly compared, within the same fMRI paradigm, the encoding of emotionally salient and self-referential information in older adults and younger adults. Behavioral results replicated the typical patterns of better memory for emotional than neutral information and for self-referential than non-self-referential materials; these memory enhancements were present for younger and older adults. In neural activity, young and older adults showed similar modulation by emotion, but there were substantial age differences in the way self-referential processing affected neural recruitment. Contrary to our hypothesis, we also found little evidence for overlap in the neural mechanisms engaged for emotional and self-referential processing. These results reveal that – just as in cognitive domains – older adults can show similar performance to younger adults in socioemotional domains even though the two age groups engage distinct mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the need for future research that delves into the neural mechanisms supporting older adults’ memory benefits for socioemotional material.

scholarly journals Cumulative distribution functions: An alternative approach to examine the triggering of prepared motor actions in the StartReact effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron N. McInnes ◽  
Juan M. Castellote ◽  
Markus Kofler ◽  
Claire F. Honeycutt ◽  
Ottmar V. Lipp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Cumulative Distribution Functions ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThere has been much debate concerning whether startling sensory stimuli can activate a fast-neural pathway for movement triggering (StartReact) which is different from that of voluntary movements. Activity in sternocleidomastoid (SCM) electromyogram is suggested to indicate activation of this pathway. We evaluated whether SCM activity can accurately identify trials which may differ in their neurophysiological triggering and assessed the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of reaction time (RT) data to identify trials with the shortest RTs for analysis. Using recent datasets from the StartReact literature, we examined the relationship between RT and SCM activity. We categorised data into short/longer RT bins using CDFs and used linear mixed effects models to compare potential conclusions that can be drawn when categorising data on the basis of RT versus on the basis of SCM activity. The capacity of SCM to predict RT is task-specific, making it an unreliable indicator of distinct neurophysiological mechanisms. Classification of trials using CDFs is capable of capturing potential task- or muscle-related differences in triggering whilst avoiding the pitfalls of the traditional SCM activity based classification method. We conclude that SCM activity is not always evident on trials that show the early triggering of movements seen in the StartReact phenomenon. We further propose that a more comprehensive analysis of data may be achieved through the inclusion of CDF analyses. These findings have implications for future research investigating movement triggering as well as for potential therapeutic applications of StartReact.

scholarly journals Relationships Between the Threshold and Slope of Psychometric and Neurometric Functions During Perceptual Learning: Implications for Neuronal Pooling

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua I. Gold ◽  
Chi-Tat Law ◽  
Patrick Connolly ◽  
Sharath Bennur
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Psychometric Function ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
The Relationship

Perceptual learning involves long-lasting improvements in the ability to perceive simple sensory stimuli. Some forms of perceptual learning are thought to involve an increasingly selective readout of sensory neurons that are most sensitive to the trained stimulus. Here we report novel changes in the relationship between the threshold and slope of the psychometric function during learning that are consistent with such changes in readout and can provide insights into the underlying neural mechanisms. In monkeys trained on a direction-discrimination task, perceptual improvements corresponded to lower psychometric thresholds and slightly shallower slopes. However, this relationship between threshold and slope was much weaker in comparable, ideal-observer “neurometric” functions of neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area, which represent sensory information used to perform the task and whose response properties did not change with training. We propose a linear/nonlinear pooling scheme to account for these results. According to this scheme, MT responses are pooled via linear weights that change with training to more selectively read out responses from the most sensitive neurons, thereby reducing predicted thresholds. An additional nonlinear (power-law) transformation does not change with training and causes the predicted psychometric function to become shallower as uninformative neurons are eliminated from the pooled signal. We show that this scheme is consistent with the measured changes in psychometric threshold and slope throughout training. The results suggest that some forms of perceptual learning involve improvements in a process akin to selective attention that pools the most informative neural signals to guide behavior.

Symptoms of Alcohol Dependence Predict Suicide Ideation Among Alaskan Undergraduates

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. DeCou ◽  
Monica C. Skewes
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Students At Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alcohol Related Problems

Abstract. Background: Previous research has demonstrated an association between alcohol-related problems and suicidal ideation (SI). Aims: The present study evaluated, simultaneously, alcohol consequences and symptoms of alcohol dependence as predictors of SI after adjusting for depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. Method: A sample of 298 Alaskan undergraduates completed survey measures, including the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire, the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory – II. The association between alcohol problems and SI status was evaluated using sequential logistic regression. Results: Symptoms of alcohol dependence (OR = 1.88, p < .05), but not alcohol-related consequences (OR = 1.01, p = .95), emerged as an independent predictor of SI status above and beyond depressive symptoms (OR = 2.39, p < .001) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.08, p = .39). Conclusion: Alcohol dependence symptoms represented a unique risk for SI relative to alcohol-related consequences and alcohol consumption. Future research should examine the causal mechanism behind the relationship between alcohol dependence and suicidality among university students. Assessing the presence of dependence symptoms may improve the accuracy of identifying students at risk of SI.

The Relationship Between Interoception and Metacognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Meessen ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel ◽  
Eftychia Volz-Sidiropoulou ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.

The Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Employees’ Proactive Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Fong-Yi Lai ◽  
Szu-Chi Lu ◽  
Cheng-Chen Lin ◽  
Yu-Chin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. The present study proposed that, unlike prior leader–member exchange (LMX) research which often implicitly assumed that each leader develops equal-quality relationships with their supervisors (leader’s LMX; LLX), every leader develops different relationships with their supervisors and, in turn, receive different amounts of resources. Moreover, these differentiated relationships with superiors will influence how leader–member relationship quality affects team members’ voice and creativity. We adopted a multi-temporal (three wave) and multi-source (leaders and employees) research design. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 227 bank employees working in 52 departments. Results of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis showed that LLX moderates the relationship between LMX and team members’ voice behavior and creative performance. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

Coping Humor as a Mediator Between Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peizhen Sun ◽  
Jennifer J. Chen ◽  
Hongyan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overall Job Satisfaction

Abstract. This study investigated the mediating role of coping humor in the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and job satisfaction. Participants were 398 primary school teachers in China, who completed the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Coping Humor Scale, and Overall Job Satisfaction Scale. Results showed that coping humor was a significant mediator between EI and job satisfaction. A further examination revealed, however, that coping humor only mediated two sub-dimensions of EI (use of emotion and regulation of emotion) and job satisfaction. Implications for future research and limitations of the study are discussed.

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