The Lower Bounds of Cognition: What Do Spinal Cords Reveal?

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Allen ◽  
James W. Grau ◽  
Mary W. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Interesting Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

This article examines the role of the spinal cords in cognition. It reviews animal science research that challenges the view that behavioral responses to sensory stimuli that do not involve brain mediation are fixed, automatic, and non-cognitive in nature. This research has shown the spinal cord to be a flexible and interesting learning system in its own right. This article discusses the consequences of these findings for philosophical understanding of the relationship between learning, cognition, and even consciousness. The article also explains the relevant concepts of instrumental conditioning and antinociception and conditioned antinociception.

scholarly journals Trust Mediating Reliability–Reliance Relationship in Supervisory Control of Human–Swarm Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1237-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Hussein ◽  
Sondoss Elsawah ◽  
Hussein A. Abbass
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
The Relationship

Objective This work aims to further test the theory that trust mediates the interdependency between automation reliability and the rate of human reliance on automation. Background Human trust in automation has been the focus of many research studies. Theoretically, trust has been proposed to impact human reliance on automation by mediating the relationship between automation reliability and the rate of human reliance. Experimentally, however, the results are contradicting as some confirm the mediating role of trust, whereas others deny it. Hence, it is important to experimentally reinvestigate this role of trust and understand how the results should be interpreted in the light of existing theory. Method Thirty-two subjects supervised a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in foraging missions in which the swarm provided recommendations on whether or not to collect potential targets, based on the information sensed by the UAVs. By manipulating the reliability of the recommendations, we observed changes in participants’ trust and their behavioral responses. Results A within-subject mediation analysis revealed a significant mediation role of trust in the relationship between swarm reliability and reliance rate. High swarm reliability increased the rate of correct acceptances, but decreased the rate of correct rejections. No significant effect of reliability was found on response time. Conclusion Trust is not a mere by-product of the interaction; it possesses a predictive power to estimate the level of reliance on automation. Application The mediation role of trust confirms the significance of trust calibration in determining the appropriate level of reliance on swarm automation.

The Persuasive Effect of Product Placements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravineet Kaur ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Apurva Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Product Placements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Marketers are increasingly relying on covert advertising tactics to persuade consumers. This empirical study selected the context of an emerging market to examine the effectiveness of product placements. Using an experimental design, we captured the affective and behavioral responses of young Indian adults. The results indicated that young adults are positive about product placements. The mediating role of brand attitude change in the relationship between attitude toward product placements and purchase intentions is established. The study provides valuable insights into the impact of execution factors on viewers’ responses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed based on the results of this study.

Validation and Design Science Research in Information Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A. Gonzalez ◽  
Henk G. Sol
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Design Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Design Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Validation Strategy

Validation within design science research in Information Systems (DSRIS) is much debated. The relationship of validation to artifact evaluation is still not clear. This chapter aims at elucidating several components of DSRIS in relation to validation. The role of theory and theorizing are an important starting point, because there is no agreement as to what types of theory should be produced. Moreover, if there is a theoretical contribution, then there needs to be clear guidance as to how the designed artifact and its evaluation are related to the theory and its validation. The epistemological underpinnings of DSRIS are also open to different alternatives, including positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism, which affect the way that the validation strategy is conceived, and later on, accepted or rejected. The type of reasoning guiding a DSRIS endeavor, whether deductive, inductive, or abductive, should also be considered as it determines the fundamental logic behind any research validation. Once those choices are in place, artifact evaluation may be carried out, depending on the type of artifact and the type of technique available. Finally, the theoretical contribution may be validated from a formative (process-oriented) or summative (product-oriented) perspective.

5. Finding Answers: Theories and How to Apply Them

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

scholarly journals Postgraduate science research skills: the role of creativity, tacit knowledge, thought styles and language

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Marie
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Research Skills ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Hypothesis Formation ◽  
Research Students ◽  
Thought Styles ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses three crucial research skills: problem identification, data collection and hypothesis formation. It concludes that science research students should be taught about the creative process as they are under pressures that can inhibit creative thought. They should also be taught the importance of tacit knowledge for learning how to do research, as this will aid the process. Styles of thought and language allow researchers to identify and solve problems and limit what the latter can be. Students may benefit from further knowledge of these, so they can understand why their interpretations differ from others and how to create truly original hypotheses. The paper calls for further research into the relationship between language and hypothesis formation.

Crime in the Republic of Ireland: A Suitable Case for Social Analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Paul O'Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Social Deprivation ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
White Collar ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Suitable Case

This article argues that there has been a lack of critical, theoretically-based analysis of Irish criminal justice. It focuses on three areas that require further theoretically grounded analysis: the relationship between social deprivation and crime, white-collar crime, and the role of the media with respect to crime. It concludes with a possible framework for future social science research on crime in Ireland.

scholarly journals Wearable Sensors for Assessing the Role of Olfactory Training on the Autonomic Response to Olfactory Stimulation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Alessandro Tonacci ◽  
Lucia Billeci ◽  
Irene Di Mambro ◽  
Roberto Marangoni ◽  
Chiara Sanmartin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Olfactory Training

Wearable sensors are nowadays largely employed to assess physiological signals derived from the human body without representing a burden in terms of obtrusiveness. One of the most intriguing fields of application for such systems include the assessment of physiological responses to sensory stimuli. In this specific regard, it is not yet known which are the main psychophysiological drivers of olfactory-related pleasantness, as the current literature has demonstrated the relationship between odor familiarity and odor valence, but has not clarified the consequentiality between the two domains. Here, we enrolled a group of university students to whom olfactory training lasting 3 months was administered. Thanks to the analysis of electrocardiogram (ECG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) signals at the beginning and at the end of the training period, we observed different autonomic responses, with higher parasympathetically-mediated response at the end of the period with respect to the first evaluation. This possibly suggests that an increased familiarity to the proposed stimuli would lead to a higher tendency towards relaxation. Such results could suggest potential applications to other domains, including personalized treatments based on odors and foods in neuropsychiatric and eating disorders.

Exploring the Meaning and Role of Spirituality for Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Abuse

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dawnovise N. Fowler ◽  
Michele A. Rountree
Keyword(s):  
Women Survivors ◽  
Partner Abuse ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Intimate Partner Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Abuse Survivors ◽  
Salient Dimension ◽  
The Relationship

Literature on trauma, coping and spirituality has introduced new questions about protective factors in the healing process for intimate partner abuse survivors (IPA). This qualitative study explores the relationship between spirituality and IPA with three focus groups of twenty-two women IPA survivors residing in a shelter. A content analysis revealed central themes that explicate the meaning and role spirituality plays for participants. Viewed as a salient dimension, spirituality provides strength, influences outcomes and assists in the regulation of behavioral responses in a positive manner in terms of participants' traumatic IPA victimization. Practice implications are discussed.

Neural Mechanisms of Audiovisual Integration in Integrated Processing for Verbal Perception and Spatial Factors

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Weiping Yang ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Takahashi Satoshi ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Integrated Processing ◽  
The Relationship

People perceive information from the outside world using several sensory organs rather than through a single one. First, relevant information is processed in the corresponding sensory area independently and then integrated in a multi-sensory processing cerebral region. The integration process influences the later behavioral responses to the sensory stimuli. Based on previous research, this chapter summarizes the neural mechanisms and the influencing factors of audiovisual integration. These include the relationship between the spatial location of auditory stimuli, visual stimuli, and verbal perception. According to research in neurology, the main neural mechanisms of audiovisual integration are from the superior temporal sulcus in the rear left region of the human brain. In the future, research on the combination of virtual reality technology and audiovisual integration should be continued to enable the research achievements to have more ecological effects.

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