Pollute less or tax more? Asymmetries in the EU environmental taxes – Ecological balance nexus

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 106662
Author(s):  
Ömer Esen ◽  
Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım ◽  
Seda Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Assessment of the Dependence of GHG Emissions on the Support and Taxes in the EU Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7650
Author(s):  
Astrida Miceikienė ◽  
Kristina Gesevičienė ◽  
Daiva Rimkuvienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the priorities of the EU countries. The majority of studies show that financial support and environmental taxes are one of the most effective measures for the mitigation of the negative consequences of climate change. The EU countries employ different environmental support measures and environmental taxes to reduce GHG emissions. There is a shortage of new studies on these measures. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of the environmental support measures of the EU countries with the effectiveness of environmental taxes in relation to the reduction of GHG emissions. This study is characterized by the broad scope of its data analysis and its systematic approach to the EU’s environmental policy measures. An empirical study was performed for the EU countries with the aim of addressing this research problem and substantiating theoretical insights. A total of 27 EU member states from 2009 to 2018 were selected as research samples. The research is based on a cause-and-effect relationship, where the factors affecting environmental pollution (environmental taxes and subsidies) are the cause, and GHG emissions are the effect. Statistical research methods were used in the empirical study: descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple regression and cluster analysis. The results show that the older member countries of the EU, which had directed the financial measures of environmental policy towards a reduction in energy consumption, managed to achieve a greater reduction in GHG emissions compared to the countries which had not applied those measures. The Central and Eastern European countries are characterized by lower environmental taxes and lower expenditure allocated to environmental protection. The countries with a higher GDP per capita have greater GHG emissions that the countries with lower GDP per capita. This is associated with greater consumption, waste, and energy consumption. The study conducted gives rise to a discussion regarding data sufficiency in the assessment and forecasting of GHG emissions and their environmental consequences.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX ECONOMIC REFORMS IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
I. Marekha ◽  
V. Myrhorodska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The article substantiates the necessity to introduce systematic and effective tax eco-reforms in the context of resource-oriented economic development by the European Union countries. The performance and effectiveness of the reforms are estimated in relation to the main four groups of environmental taxes: energy taxes, pollution taxes, resource taxes and transport taxes. The macroecological policy of the European Union countries is the object of the undertaken analysis. The article examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental taxes across the EU, using a correlation analysis toolkit. Four groups of macroeconomic parameters were selected for analysis: internal macroeconomic factors (nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation, business cycle stage, budget deficit, energy consumption level); external macroeconomic factors (government debt, exports, foreign direct investments); institutional macroparameters (environmental culture, shadow economy, trust in government) and fiscal macroparameters (tax culture and fiscal freedom). The economic interpretation of the obtained correlates is given. Based on the correlation analysis, stimulators and de-stimulators of tax environmental reforms across the EU were identified. It is established that the factors that positively influence on the tax environmental reforms are the overwhelming majority of the analyzed factors. The formation of indicators of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms is undertaken for six countries of the Community. In particular, the analysis covers three economic leaders (Germany, the United Kingdom and France) and three leading EU countries in the field of environmental tax collection (Latvia, Greece and Slovenia). The article presents approaches to improving the assessment of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms based on the consideration of fiscal (budget-filling) and reproductive (multiplicative) functions of environmental taxes. In this regard, the environmental tax multiplier and accelerator, as well as the GDP elasticity coefficient for environmental taxes, were calculated for the analyzed group of countries. The criteria of economic efficiency of tax eco-reforms are proposed. Keywords: environmental taxes, macroeconomic effect, macro-environmental policy, multiplier, accelerator, elasticity

scholarly journals Globalization and GHG Emissions in the EU: Do We Need a New Development Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9936
Author(s):  
Nela Vlahinić Lenz ◽  
Barbara Fajdetić
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Development Path ◽  
New Development ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) has adopted a new development strategy based on “green” growth and announced carbon neutrality by 2050. Still, the EU’s previous development path was mainly based on trade openness and globalization, with positive economic and negative climate impacts. The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis of globalization-induced carbon emissions in order to evaluate a possible future development path. The Arellano–Bond estimator was employed for dynamic panel analysis in 26 EU countries over the period 2000–2018. A significant and positive relationship was found between economic globalization and passenger mobility and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while environmental taxes can correct the negative climate effect. On the other hand, social and political dimensions of globalization reduce negative climate impacts. To achieve net zero emissions, the EU needs to continue its global climate leadership, extend the use of environmental taxes, and stimulate economic growth based on low-carbon technologies such as hydrogen, energy storage, and CCUS.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Economic Development-Driven Ecological Deficit in the EU-15 Countries: New Evidence From PSTR Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celil Aydin ◽  
Ömer ESEN ◽  
Recai AYDIN
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Endogeneity Bias ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
Smooth Transition Regression ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This study empirically analyses the nonlinear impact of economic activities on ecological balance indicators that estimate the balance between economies' pressure on nature and the biologically productive resources areas affected by human activity and the earth's ecological carrying capacity. In measuring this balance, ecological balance sheet indicators are divided into four sub-components; cropland, forest area, fishing grounds and grazing land. The sample of the study consists of the EU-15 countries over the period 1995–2016. In order to render the study robust with respect to econometric issues like potential endogeneity bias, cross-country heterogeneity, time instability and nonlinearity, the study adopted panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) method. The empirical findings reveal that the economic activities carried out up to a certain threshold level do not force the ecological balance as nature can compensate for the resulting externalities, but beyond this threshold, waste accumulation and pollution exceed nature’s capacity to absorb. Consequently, the results of the study are not in line with the expectation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with inverted U-shaped curve, but indicate a need for implementation of active environmental policies for the improvement of the environment.

Environmental Tax Revenue and Expenditures in EU and Serbia - Lessons to be Learnt from Statistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-522
Author(s):  
Goranka Knežević ◽  
Vladan Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The Eu

In this research, we emphasize the issues of collecting environmental taxes and spending for environmental protection at the EU 28 plus countries as a benchmark and Serbia. We find no correlation between environmental taxes in EU and expenses incurred for the environment, while at the same time there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between the two variables in Serbia. The observed period covers 2009-2017. This means that government taxes and budget are the main sources of financing green projects in Serbia, therefore, showing lower environmental awareness of companies and citizens.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP ADAPTATION TO TAX CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Kvach ◽  
Nataliia Piatka ◽  
Viktor Koval
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Environmental Investment ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
The Eu

The article highlights the problem of management of sustainable entrepreneurship adaptation to tax changes in environmental investment and substantiation of the conceptual basis for assessing the efficiency of environmental investment in terms of Ukraine’s integration processes into European community that involves introduction of sustainable economic development and mechanisms of “green” economy. Methods. A study of the peculiarities of environmental financing in Ukraine has been conducted. The theoretical bases of investment management have been examined by means of the following methods: semantic analysis of interaction of the basic elements of environmental investment process for sustainable entrepreneurship development. With the use of a comparative analysis of environmental investment, efficiency and effectiveness of environmental tax collection in Ukraine and the EU countries, the expedience of using environmental taxation as a means of stimulating domestic environmental investment has been substantiated and the need to assess the efficiency of environmental investment has been defined. Results. A study of the peculiarities of domestic environmental taxation in order to establish its efficiency has been carried out. The experience of using taxes as a means of stimulating environmental investment in the EU countries has been under consideration. This research has shown that the efficiency of environmental taxes is ensured by their high rates, which encourage companies to innovate and make appropriate environmental investments. A number of shortcomings in the domestic environmental policy have been identified. It has proven the low efficiency of its instruments, in particular, related to assessing the efficiency of environmental investment. A study of the peculiarities of environmental financing in Ukraine has been conducted. The current tendencies of investment in environmental activities with the identification of causal relationships to substantiate management decisions to improve the use of financial resources for environmental purposes have been highlighted.

scholarly journals Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 19(34) (3) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Maksym Klymenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Economic Instrument ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.

The national budget as the financial basis for the environmental policy in the EU countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1567-1587
Author(s):  
Lyudmila P. KOROLEVA ◽  
Kseniya A. BELOVA ◽  
Mariya K. FROLOVA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Protection Costs ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article discusses the role of the budgetary system in the EU countries in financing the environmental policy of States. We analyze the volume and structure of environmental taxes and national budgetary spending on environmental protection, and their equilibrium. Objectives. We trace modern trends in the environmental portion of the EU countries’ budgets and substantiate thresholds of budgetary revenue and expenditures with respect to the environment in the Russian Federation. Methods. The study is based on general, economic-statistical methods and methods of economic analysis of trend series. Results. Having analyzed ecotaxes and budgetary spending on environmental protection in 2010–2019, we traced the stabilizing tendency of the budgetary contribution to finance of the environmental policy in 27 EU countries in terms of income and expenditures for environmental protection, the differentiation of the above indicators across the EU countries. In the EU countries, local authorities are obviously in charge of financing environmental protection costs, maintaining the surplus of the environmental portion of national budgets. We measured the mean value of environmental taxes and national budget spending in environmental protection in 27 EU countries. Conclusions and Relevance. As the EU actively promotes sustainable development values, respective budgetary systems continue to make more or less the same contribution throughout 2010–2019, according to aggregate data of 27 EU countries. However, the contribution significantly differs as per data of certain EU countries. Assessing the adequacy and balance of the environmental portion of the Russian consolidated budget, mean values of the EU data can be used to substantiate thresholds of the indicators.

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