Comprehensively utilization of spent bleaching clay for producing high quality bio-fuel via fast pyrolysis process

Most pyrolysis reactors require small sizes of biomass particles to achieve high-quality products. Moreover, understanding the usefulness of high-pressure systems in pyrolysis is important, given the operational challenges they exhibit specific to various biomass materials. To actualize these aspects, the authors first checked previous reviews involving pyrolysis on different biomass and different conditions/situations with their respective objectives and subsections. From these already existing reviews, the team found that there has not been much emphasis on high-pressure fast pyrolysis and its potential in biomass conversion, showing that it is a novel direction in the pyrolysis technology development. Therefore, this review aims to shed more light on high-pressure fast pyrolysis, drawing from (a) classification of pyrolysis; (b) reactors used in fast pyrolysis; (c) heat transfer in pyrolysis feedstock; (d) fast pyrolysis parameters; (e) properties/yields of fast pyrolysis products; (f) high pressure on pyrolysis process; (g) catalyst types and their application; and (h) problems to overcome in the pyrolysis process. This review increases the understanding regarding high-pressure fast pyrolysis. An attempt has been made to demonstrate how high-pressure fast pyrolysis can bring about high-quality biomass conversion into new products. It has been shown that fluidized bed (bubbling and circulating) reactors are most suitable and profitable in terms of product yield. The high-pressure, especially combined with the fast-heating rate, may be more efficient and beneficial than working under ambient pressure. However, the challenges of pyrolysis on a technical scale appear to be associated with obtaining high product quality and yield. The direction of future work should focus on the design of high-pressure process reactors and material types that might have greater biomass promise, as well understanding the impact of pyrolysis technology on the various output products, especially those with lower energy demands. We propose that the increase of process pressure and biomass particle size decrease should be considered as variables for optimization.

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Increasing the efficiency of fast pyrolysis process through sugar yield maximization and separation from aqueous fraction bio-oil

Fuel Processing Technology ◽

10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.11.003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 65-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

El Barbary Hassan ◽

Hussein Abou-Yousef ◽

Phillip Steele

Keyword(s):

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Yield Maximization

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Bio-oil derived from banana pseudo-stem via fast pyrolysis process

Biomass and Bioenergy ◽

10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 148 ◽

pp. 106034

Author(s):

Rahmad Mohd Taib ◽

Nurhayati Abdullah ◽

Nur Syairah Mohamad Aziz

Keyword(s):

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Bio Oil

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Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

Letters in Applied NanoBioScience ◽

10.33263/lianbs83.571575 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 571-575

Author(s):

Teerasak Punvichai ◽

Daniel Pioch

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Bleaching Clay ◽

Microbial Count ◽

Basic Solution ◽

Soap Content ◽

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽

Spent Bleaching Clay ◽

By Products ◽

Fatty Acid Distillate

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

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Pre-Treatment of Furniture Waste for Smokeless Charcoal Production

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13143188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3188

Author(s):

Paweł Kazimierski ◽

Paulina Hercel ◽

Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽

Dariusz Kardaś

Keyword(s):

Oriented Strand Board ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Medium Density Fiberboard ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Pyrolysis Product ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Charcoal Production ◽

Pyrolysis Products ◽

Slow Pyrolysis

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using furniture waste for smokeless fuel production using the pyrolysis process. Four types of wood-based wastes were used in the pyrolysis process: pine sawdust (PS), chipboard (CB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board (OSB). Additionally, the slow and fast types of pyrolysis were compared, where the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. Chemical analyses of the raw materials and the pyrolysis product yields are presented. A significant calorific value rise was observed for the solid pyrolysis products (from approximately 17.5 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29 MJ/kg for slow pyrolysis products and 31 MJ/kg for fast pyrolysis products). A higher carbon content of char was observed in raw materials (from approximately 48% for raw materials up to approximately 75% for slow pyrolysis products and approximately 82% for fast pyrolysis products) than after the pyrolysis process. This work presents the possibility of utilizing waste furniture material that is mostly composed of wood, but is not commonly used as a substrate for conversion into low-emission fuel. The results prove that the proposed solution produced char characterized by the appropriate properties to be classified as smokeless coal.

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A Numerical Study of Fast Pyrolysis of Beetle Killed Pine Trees

Volume 4: Energy Systems Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability; Combustion Science and Engineering; Nanoengineering for Energy, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/imece2011-62991 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Saeed Danaei Kenarsari ◽

Yuan Zheng

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Chemical Kinetics ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Kinetics Model ◽

Unsteady State ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Conservation Equations ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Secondary Reactions

Since 1990s, as a result of unprecedented drought and warm winters, mountain pine beetles have devastated mature pine trees in the forests of western North America from Mexico to Canada. Especially, in the State of Wyoming, there are more than 1 million acres of dead forest now. These beetle killed trees are a source of wildfire and if left unharvested will decay and release carbon back to the atmosphere. Fast pyrolysis is a promising method to transfer the beetle killed pine trees into bio-oils. In the present study, an unsteady state mathematical model is developed to simulate the fast pyrolysis process, which converts solid pine wood pellets into char (solid), bio-oils (liquid) and gaseous products in the absence of oxidizer in a temperature range from 500°C to 1000°C within short residence time. The main goal of the study is to advance the understanding of kinetics and convective and radiative heat transfer in biomass fast pyrolysis process. Conservation equations of total mass, species, momentum, and energy, coupled with the chemical kinetics model, have been developed and solved numerically to simulate fast pyrolysis of various cylindrical beetle killed pine pellets (10 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness) in a reactor (30 mm inside diameter and 50 mm height) exposed to various radiative heating flux (0.2 MW/m2 to 0.8 MW/m2). A fast pyrolysis kinetics model for pine wood that includes competitive path ways for the formation of solid, liquid, and gaseous products plus secondary reactions of primary products has been adapted. Several heat transfer correlations and thermo property models available in the literature have been evaluated and adapted in the simulation. Finite element method is used to solve the conservation equations and a 4th order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the chemical kinetics. Unsteady-state two dimensional temperature and product distributions throughout the entire pyrolysis process were simulated and the simulated product yields were compared to the experimental data available in the literature. This study demonstrates the importance of the secondary reactions and appropriate convective and radiative modeling in the numerical simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis.

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Experimental investigation of acid regeneration of spent bleaching clay de-oiled by the in-situ transesterification process at various operating conditions

Process Safety and Environmental Protection ◽

10.1016/j.psep.2019.01.029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.A. Sedghamiz ◽

F. Attar ◽

S. Raeissi

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Bleaching Clay ◽

In Situ Transesterification ◽

Spent Bleaching Clay

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Experimental Study on Heat and Mass Transfer during Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Particle

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.620 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 620-625

Author(s):

T. Irii ◽

S. Murata ◽

Kenichiro Tanoue ◽

T. Nishimura ◽

Y. Uemura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Experimental Study ◽

Reaction Mechanisms ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Packed Bed ◽

High Quality ◽

Efficient Manner ◽

Pyrolysis Of Biomass ◽

Steep Slopes

As Japan has many mountains with steep slopes, it is difficult to transport felled trees. Therefore, the development of a high-quality, compact gasifier that can cope with variations both in the amount of biomass collected and in energy demand, is necessary. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the system is used in the most efficient manner, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the reaction mechanisms involved in both the decomposition of biomass and heat transfer in the packed bed of biomass.

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