Emergence of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1) in Escherichia coli among widely distributed wild ungulates

Abstract Objectives The emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from human and animal sources is one of the major public health concerns as colistin is the last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the prototype widespread colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) among commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from food-producing and companion animals in Iran. Results A total of 607 E. coli isolates which were previously collected from different animal sources between 2008 and 2016 used to uncover the possible presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) by PCR. Overall, our results could not confirm the presence of any mcr-1 or mcr-2 positive E. coli among the studied isolates. It is concluded that despite the important role of food-producing animals in transferring the antibiotic resistance, they were not the main source for carriage of mcr-1 and mcr-2 in Iran until 2016. This study suggests that the other mcr variants (mcr-3 to mcr-9) might be responsible for conferring colistin resistance in animal isolates in Iran. The possible linkage between pig farming industry and high level of mcr carriage in some countries needs to be clarified in future prospective studies.

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mcr-Colistin Resistance Genes Mobilized by IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 Plasmids in Escherichia coli of Pigs and White Stork in Spain

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2019.03072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lourdes Migura-Garcia ◽

Juan J. González-López ◽

Jaime Martinez-Urtaza ◽

J. R. Aguirre Sánchez ◽

A. Moreno-Mingorance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

White Stork ◽

Colistin Resistance

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Emergence of Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 in Cronobacter sakazakii Producing NDM-9 and in Escherichia coli from the Same Animal

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01444-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Bao-Tao Liu ◽

Feng-Jing Song ◽

Ming Zou ◽

Zhi-Hui Hao ◽

Hu Shan

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

Carbapenem Resistant

ABSTRACT We report the presence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and carbapenem-resistant Cronobacter sakazakii from the same diseased chicken. The mcr-1 gene linked with ISApl1 was located on two different IncI2 plasmids, including one multidrug plasmid in E. coli, whereas fosA3-bla NDM-9 was on an IncB/O plasmid in C. sakazakii. The development of the fosA3-bla NDM-9 resistance region was mediated by IS26. The colocation of mcr-1 or bla NDM-9 with other resistance genes will accelerate the dissemination of the two genes.

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Conjugal Transfer, Whole-Genome Sequencing, and Plasmid Analysis of Four mcr-1-Bearing Isolates from U.S. Patients

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02417-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wenming Zhu ◽

Adrian Lawsin ◽

Rebecca L. Lindsey ◽

Dhwani Batra ◽

Kristen Knipe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

Plasmid Analysis ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT Four Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates bearing mcr-1 gene-harboring plasmids were characterized. All isolates demonstrated the ability to transfer colistin resistance to Escherichia coli; plasmids were stable in conjugants after multiple passages on nonselective media. mcr-1 was located on an IncX4 (n = 3) or IncN (n = 1) plasmid. The IncN plasmid harbored 13 additional antimicrobial resistance genes. Results indicate that the mcr-1-bearing plasmids in this study were highly transferable in vitro and stable in the recipients.

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Discovery ofmcr-1-Mediated Colistin Resistance in a Highly VirulentEscherichia coliLineage

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00486-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Brian M. Forde ◽

Hosam M. Zowawi ◽

Patrick N. A. Harris ◽

Leah Roberts ◽

Emad Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Neonatal Meningitis ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

Virulence Potential ◽

High Virulence

ABSTRACTResistance to last-line polymyxins mediated by the plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) represents a new threat to global human health. Here we present the complete genome sequence of anmcr-1-positive multidrug-resistantEscherichia colistrain (MS8345). We show that MS8345 belongs to serotype O2:K1:H4, has a large 241,164-bp IncHI2 plasmid that carries 15 other antibiotic resistance genes (including the extended-spectrum β-lactamaseblaCTX-M-1) and 3 putative multidrug efflux systems, and contains 14 chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes. MS8345 also carries a large ColV-like virulence plasmid that has been associated withE. colibacteremia. Whole-genome phylogeny revealed that MS8345 clusters within a discrete clade in the sequence type 95 (ST95) lineage, and MS8345 is very closely related to the highly virulent O45:K1:H4 clone associated with neonatal meningitis. Overall, the acquisition of a plasmid carrying resistance to colistin and multiple other antibiotics in this virulentE. colilineage is concerning and might herald an era where the empirical treatment of ST95 infections becomes increasingly more difficult.IMPORTANCEEscherichia coliST95 is a globally disseminated clone frequently associated with bloodstream infections and neonatal meningitis. However, the ST95 lineage is defined by low levels of drug resistance amongst clinical isolates, which normally provides for uncomplicated treatment options. Here, we provide the first detailed genomic analysis of anE. coliST95 isolate that has both high virulence potential and resistance to multiple antibiotics. Using the genome, we predicted its virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms, which include resistance to last-line antibiotics mediated by the plasmid-bornemcr-1gene. Finding an ST95 isolate resistant to nearly all antibiotics that also has a high virulence potential is of major clinical importance and underscores the need to monitor new and emerging trends in antibiotic resistance development in this important global lineage.

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Full Genome Sequence of pT3, a Multiresistant Plasmid Carrying the mcr-3.5 Colistin Resistance Gene, Recovered from an Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolate from Crickets Sold as Food

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00647-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (29) ◽

Author(s):

Katrin Zurfluh ◽

Marc J. A. Stevens ◽

Melissa Bucher ◽

Laurent Poirel ◽

Patrice Nordmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Full Genome Sequence ◽

Full Genome ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Coli Isolate ◽

Single Plasmid

Here, we sequenced multidrug resistance plasmid pT3, which encodes mcr-3.5 and other resistance genes. The cooccurrence of mcr genes and other resistance genes on a single plasmid is of concern.

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Co-occurrence of colistin-resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-3 among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, Spain, September 2015

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.31.30586 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (31) ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Marta Hernández ◽

M Rocío Iglesias ◽

David Rodríguez-Lázaro ◽

Alejandro Gallardo ◽

Narciso Quijada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Cattle Faeces

Colistin resistance genes mcr-3 and mcr-1 have been detected in an Escherichia coli isolate from cattle faeces in a Spanish slaughterhouse in 2015. The sequences of both genes hybridised to same plasmid band of ca 250 kb, although colistin resistance was non-mobilisable. The isolate was producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and belonged to serotype O9:H10 and sequence type ST533. Here we report an mcr-3 gene detected in Europe following earlier reports from Asia and the United States.

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ISEc69-Mediated Mobilization of the Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-2 in Escherichia coli

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.564973 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Zhang He ◽

Teng-Fei Long ◽

Bing He ◽

Xing-Ping Li ◽

Gong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Dna Sequencing ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Insertion Sequence ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Clinical Treatment ◽

Host Genome ◽

Conjugative Plasmid ◽

Colistin Resistance

ObjectivesThe emergence of mobile colistin resistance genes has compromised the efficacy of the last resort antibiotic, colistin, in clinical treatment. The mcr-2 gene was first identified in Belgium in association with the insertion sequence ISEc69. However, the molecular mechanisms of mcr-2 mobilization are not well understood.MethodsTo further explore the mobilization of mcr-2 gene via ISEc69, we constructed a conjugative plasmid that carries an intact composite transposon Tn7052. Transposition assays were performed by conjugation, the transposition sites were characterized by arbitrary primed PCR and DNA sequencing.ResultsIn this study, we experimentally demonstrated that mcr-2 could be mobilized as a composite transposon Tn7052 and its transposition generated 8-bp AT-rich duplications in the host genome.ConclusionThese results indicate that mcr-2 gene could be mobilized by ISEc69, the current investigations provide mechanistic insights in the transposition of mcr-2.

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The mcr-9 Gene of Salmonella and Escherichia coli Is Not Associated with Colistin Resistance in the United States

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00573-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gregory H. Tyson ◽

Cong Li ◽

Chih-Hao Hsu ◽

Sherry Ayers ◽

Stacey Borenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

The United States ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

Long Read ◽

Genetic Context

ABSTRACT Reports of transmissible colistin resistance show the importance of comprehensive colistin resistance surveillance. Recently, a new allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family designated mcr-9, which shows variation in genetic context and colistin susceptibility, was reported. We tested over 100 Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates with mcr-9 from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in the United States for their susceptibility to colistin and found that every isolate was susceptible, with an MIC of ≤1 μg/ml. Long-read sequencing of 12 isolates revealed mcr-9 on IncHI plasmids that were either independent or integrated into the chromosome. Overall, these results demonstrate that caution is necessary when determining the clinical relevance of new resistance genes.

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IncX2 and IncX1-X2 Hybrid Plasmids Coexisting in a FosA6-Producing Escherichia coli Strain

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00536-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Qinglan Guo ◽

Jiachun Su ◽

Christi Lee McElheny ◽

Nicole Stoesser ◽

Yohei Doi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Coli Strain ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

Accessory Genes

ABSTRACT IncX plasmids are receiving much attention as vehicles of carbapenem and colistin resistance genes, such as bla NDM, bla KPC, and mcr-1. Among them, IncX2 subgroup plasmids remain rare. Here, we characterized IncX2 and IncX1-X2 hybrid plasmids coexisting in a FosA6-producing Escherichia coli strain that were possibly generated as a consequence of recombination events between an R6K-like IncX2 plasmid and a pLN126_33-like IncX1 plasmid. Variable multidrug resistance mosaic regions were observed in these plasmids, indicating their potential to serve as flexible carriers of resistance genes. The diversity of IncX group plasmid backbones and accessory genes and the evolution of hybrid IncX plasmids pose a challenge in detecting and classifying them.

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