India to contribute 15% of Asia's crude oil refining capacity in 2023

Corrosion is a severe matter regarding the most of metal using industries such as the crude oil refining. The formation of the oxides, sulfides or hydroxides on the surface of metal due to the chemical reaction between metals and surrounding is the corrosion that highly depended on the corrosive properties of crude oil as well as the chemical composition of ferrous metals since it was expected to investigate the effect of Murban and Das blend crude oils on the rate of corrosion of seven different ferrous metals which are used in the crude oil refining industry and investigate the change in hardness of metals. The sulfur content, acidity and salt content of each crude oil were determined. A series of similar pieces of seven different types of ferrous metals were immersed in each crude oil separately and their rates of corrosion were determined by using their relative weight loss after 15, 30 and 45 days. The corroded metal surfaces were observed under the microscope. The hardness of each metal piece was tested before the immersion in crude oil and after the corrosion with the aid of Vicker’s hardness tester. The metallic concentrations of each crude oil sample were tested using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The Das blend crude oil contained higher sulfur content and acidity than Murban crude oil. Carbon steel metal pieces showed the highest corrosion rates whereas the stainless steel metal pieces showed the least corrosion rates in both crude oils since that found significant Fe and Cu concentrations from some of crude oil samples. The mild steel and the Monel showed relatively intermediate corrosion rates compared to the other types of ferrous metal pieces in both crude oils. There was a slight decrease in the initial hardness of all the ferrous metal pieces due to corrosion.

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Comparing Crude Oils with Different API Gravities on a Molecular Level Using Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Part 1: Whole Crude Oil

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11102766 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2766 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jandyson Santos ◽

Alberto Wisniewski Jr. ◽

Marcos Eberlin ◽

Wolfgang Schrader

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Carbon Number ◽

Mass Spectrometric ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Crude Oils ◽

Spectrometric Analysis ◽

Ft Icr Ms ◽

Ft Icr

Different ionization techniques based on different principles have been applied for the direct mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of crude oils providing composition profiles. Such profiles have been used to infer a number of crude oil properties. We have tested the ability of two major atmospheric pressure ionization techniques, electrospray ionization (ESI(±)) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI(+)), in conjunction with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The ultrahigh resolution and accuracy measurements of FT-ICR MS allow for the correlation of mass spectrometric (MS) data with crude oil American Petroleum Institute (API) gravities, which is a major quality parameter used to guide crude oil refining, and represents a value of the density of a crude oil. The double bond equivalent (DBE) distribution as a function of the classes of constituents, as well as the carbon numbers as measured by the carbon number distributions, were examined to correlate the API gravities of heavy, medium, and light crude oils with molecular FT-ICR MS data. An aromaticity tendency was found to directly correlate the FT-ICR MS data with API gravities, regardless of the ionization technique used. This means that an analysis on the molecular level can explain the differences between a heavy and a light crude oil on the basis of the aromaticity of the compounds in different classes. This tendency of FT-ICR MS with all three techniques, namely, ESI(+), ESI(−), and APPI(+), indicates that the molecular composition of the constituents of crude oils is directly associated with API gravity.

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History of Crude Oil Refining

International Series in Operations Research & Management Science - Models for Optimum Decision Making ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-40212-9_1 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Katta G. Murty

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Refining ◽

History Of

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A Need for Investment in Nigerian Crude Oil Refining and Infrastructures: A Panacea to Refined Petroleum Shortages and Economic Growth

Archives of Business Research ◽

10.14738/abr.84.7951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 31-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lucky Itsekor

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Investment Strategies ◽

Product Availability ◽

Strategic Role ◽

Petroleum Refineries

Despite the abundance of occurring natural crude oil resources, Nigeria continually suffers shortages of refined petroleum products, which undermines economic development of the country. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore the strategic role of how investment in petroleum refineries and infrastructures can improve supply and hence mitigate shortages or scarcity of refined petroleum products in the petroleum supply chain and enhance economic development in Nigeria. The research participants comprise of ten senior leaders from two private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had effectively implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The conceptual framework for the study was the resource based view theory. Data were collected through semistructured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply or marketing petroleum companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation. The discoveries indicate the need to establish more refineries, privatize the existing moribund refineries, and build more infrastructures in Nigeria. Findings may be used by petroleum leaders and investors to optimize available crude oil natural resources, and to create investment strategies in the petroleum supply chain, leading to product availability, sustainability, poverty reduction, and economic development in Nigeria.

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Challenges and Prospects of Converting Nigeria Illegal Refineries to Modular Refineries

The Open Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.2174/1874123101913010001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mamudu Angela ◽

Okoro Emeka ◽

Igwilo Kevin ◽

Olabode Oluwasanmi ◽

Elehinafe Francis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Transfer Of Knowledge ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Intermediate Products ◽

Overall Design ◽

Standard Operation ◽

The Government ◽

Private Investors

The sub-optimum conditions of Nigeria conventional refineries remains a drastic setback since all other industries are intertwined with its outputs. It is noted that amidst all other glaring contributing factors as listed in the study, insufficient large capital funds on the part of private investors and vandalization of pipelines seems to be conspicuous. The stolen crude oil got from the pipelines serve as the beginning point for illegal refining. Asides the issue of quality control of products, their sub-standard operation also affects Nigerians environmentally and economically. The more the Government invest time and resources to stop their operation; the more they spring up like mushrooms. This paper reflects the authors view on achieving a win-win scenario. The upgrading of existing illegal refineries at strategic locations within the country to standard modular refineries seems to be a more feasible and friendly approach. The issue of channeling of intermediate products can be solved through the introduction of clusters, where final products of one become raw material for the other. Intermediate products can also be channeled to Government owned conventional refineries for further processing. From analysis, it is deduced that overall design capacities from clusters have optimum effect on the intermediate environment in terms of meeting demand. Extensive operational training on crude oil refining will help buttress the point while Transfer of Knowledge from official vendors to Nigerian Engineers on how to fabricate modular refining units locally will also help to reduce overall cost.

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Effect of air combustion preheater on furnace efficiency by using refinery simulator

Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies ◽

10.52716/jprs.v7i3.161 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 75-87

Author(s):

Dr.Yosif J. Kadhem Almosawi ◽

Warqaa A. Kadhem Alshimmary

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Fuel Gas ◽

Air Preheater ◽

Heating Efficiency ◽

Gas Consumption ◽

The Right ◽

Heating Up

One of the basic crude oil refining steps is the heat up to high temperature about 3700 C, which is done in the furnace. The balance between fuel and air required to combustion provide an economical and efficient heating. In this research operating data of heating up the furnace are collected by using an interactive simulator of Drilling System Company (ORTIS) which gives a flexibility of operation cannot be obtained in real furnace, these data are related to find the operation paths under different control system of manual, automatic and working automatic without pre-heating are used . Using of combustion air preheater, by exchanging heat with the flue gases, leading to increase furnace heating efficiency from 85% to 93% also the fuel supplied to the burners is more less than working without preheater. As the simulator used in this research very closed to real operating system of furnace which cover all the variables of furnace inside temperatures, excess air analyzer, and fuel gas control and inside pressure control. The using of interactive simulator is very useful in stating the right operating conditions. The use of pre-heating of combustion air is best economical method to reach heating the crude oil to the required temperature with minimum fuel gas consumption, which directly affects the efficiencies of the furnace in each case.

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تقييم واقع صناعة تصفية النفط في العراق

Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences ◽

10.31272/ijes2020.67.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2020 (67) ◽

pp. 154-184

Author(s):

دانية اياد جاسم ◽

أ. د . فلاح خلف علي

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Oil Products ◽

Refining Industry ◽

Oil Refining ◽

High Quality ◽

Investment Projects ◽

Oil Refineries ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Strong Sector

The oil refining industry in Iraq is one of the industries of strategic importance, and what these industries have been subjected to destruction, obsolescence and neglect in a way that led to the deterioration of oil products in quantity and quality, and in a manner that is not commensurate with Iraq's capabilities in the field of daily crude oil production, as well as its incompatibility with laws and standards. In addition to the inability of these industries to achieve self-sufficiency and resort to closing the gap through imports. The study assumes that rebuilding the oil refineries in Iraq on modern foundations commensurate with international environmental laws and standards, will contribute to achieving self-sufficiency in high-quality oil products and open new horizons for the refining industry. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are the most important reasons for the decline in the production of refineries in Iraq, failure to implement investment projects for the oil refineries sector, reliance on old methods of liquidation, obsolescence of treatment units, neglect of maintenance and maintenance operations, and continuous stops due to the interruption of electrical current, and sabotage of some pipelines that transport crude oil to the refineries. The researcher recommended that the existence of a strong sector of refineries in Iraq capable of securing energy sources and achieving self-sufficiency, in addition to its ability to compete, that achieving this goal requires working on building new and modern refineries and rehabilitating old refineries to increase production capacities and obtain high-quality oil products to Iraq can compete in the global

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