The prokaryotic community, physicochemical properties and flavors dynamics and their correlations in fermented grains for Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu production

Abstract Four types of cereals (glutinous rice, purple rice, red rice, yellow millet) were selected to produce sweet fermented grains. Flavor profiles of sweet fermented grains are comparatively studied to distinguish various flavor types by using GC-MS, electronic nose (E-nose), and sensory analysis, and the amino acid composition and physicochemical properties of sweet fermented grains were analyzed. The results showed that the volatile compounds of sweet fermented grains were significantly different. Esters and alcohols were the major volatile compounds in sweet fermented grains. The electronic nose, electronic tongue and sensory analysis jointly verified that the volatile components of sweet fermented grains had differences between them. The sweet fermented grains could be classified based on differences in volatile compounds. In the amino acids analysis, Glu, Pro, Asp and Leu were the most abundant. The difference in physicochemical properties is more helpful to distinguish different types of sweet fermented grains. Correlation analysis between antioxidant active substances and color value showed a positive correlation between with a* value, and a negative correlation with L*, b* value. Our results suggested that there were differences in the flavor characteristics of sweet fermented grains fermented from different types of cereals. The results of the study will provide valuable information for the selection of raw materials for sweet fermented grains.

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Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizers Affects Soil Prokaryotic Communities Compositions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10010132 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liyuan Liu ◽

Chuanzong Li ◽

Shuhao Zhu ◽

Yan Xu ◽

Houyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Pig Manure ◽

Prokaryotic Community ◽

Indicator Taxa ◽

Combined Application ◽

Fundamental Part

As a fundamental part of the soil ecosystem, prokaryotes are involved in the preservation of soil functions. However, little is known of how the combined application of long-term organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer affects the prokaryotic communities’ dynamics at a paddy field. A long-term positioning experiment initiated in 2013 with four treatments (NO: no N fertilizer, CN: 100% urea N with no organic fertilizer, PM: 80% urea N plus 20% N with pig manure, CM: 80% urea N plus 20% N with compost) were applied to detect the differential responses of soil physicochemical properties, and prokaryotic community structure and composition in different fertilization regimes. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers altered the physicochemical properties to some extent and, simultaneously, established unique prokaryotic communities. In detail, the treatment of PM and CM significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) compared to NO. Moreover, a total of 31 indicator taxa were screened across the four treatments by LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis following the principle of the greatest differences, which suggests that these indicator taxa were more sensitive to the fertilization. This research suggested that the combined application of long-term organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers not only contributed to the soil’s physicochemical properties but also changed the prokaryotic community composition.

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Liquor Flavour Is Associated With the Physicochemical Property and Microbial Diversity of Fermented Grains in Waxy and Non-waxy Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) During Fermentation

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.618458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chunjuan Liu ◽

Xiangwei Gong ◽

Guan Zhao ◽

Maw Ni Soe Htet ◽

Zhiyong Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Ethyl Lactate ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Total Proportion ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Fermented Grains ◽

The Relationship

The fermentation process of Chinese Xifeng liquor involves numerous microbes. However, the sources of microbes in fermented grain and the link between liquor flavour and physicochemical properties and microbial diversity during fermentation still remain unknown. Herein, two waxy (JiNiang 2 [JN-2] and JinNuo 3 [JN-3]) and four non-waxy (JiZa 127 [JZ-127], JinZa 34 [JZ-34], LiaoZa 19 [LZ-19], and JiaXian [JX]) sorghum varieties were selected for the comprehensive analysis of the relationship between liquor flavour and the physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of fermented grains. Results showed that ethyl acetate was the main flavour component of JZ-127, JZ-34, and JX, whereas ethyl lactate was mainly detected in JN-2, JN-3, and LZ-19. Ethyl lactate accounted for half of the ethyl acetate content, and JX exhibited a higher liquor yield than the other sorghum varieties. The fermented grains of waxy sorghum presented higher temperature and reducing sugar contents but lower moisture and starch contents than their non-waxy counterparts during fermentation. We selected JN-3 and JX sorghum varieties to further investigate the microbial changes in the fermented grains. The bacterial diversity gradually reduced, whereas the fungal diversity showed nearly no change in either JN-3 or JX. Lactobacillus was the most abundant bacterial genus, and its level rapidly increased during fermentation. The abundance of Lactobacillus accounted for the total proportion of bacteria in JX, and it was higher than that in JN-3. Saccharomyces was the most abundant fungal genus in JX, but its abundance accounted for a small proportion of fungi in JN-3. Four esters and five alcohols were significantly positively related to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidia; Bacillales, Bacteroidales, and Rhodospirillales; and Acetobacter, Pediococcus, and Prevotella_7. This positive relation is in contrast with that observed for Firmicutes, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, and Lactobacillus. Meanwhile, Aspergillus was the only fungal microorganism that showed a significantly negative relation with such compounds (except for butanol and isopentanol). These findings will help in understanding the fermentation mechanism and flavour formation of fermented Xifeng liquor.

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Preparation and characterisation of vanadium pentoxide supported rhodium catalyst

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010010679x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 946-947

Author(s):

A. Legrouri

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Surface Area ◽

Vanadium Pentoxide ◽

High Purity ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

Rhodium Catalyst ◽

Optical Methods ◽

Reducible Oxides

The industrial importance of metal catalysts supported on reducible oxides has stimulated considerable interest during the last few years. This presentation reports on the study of the physicochemical properties of metallic rhodium supported on vanadium pentoxide (Rh/V2O5). Electron optical methods, in conjunction with other techniques, were used to characterise the catalyst before its use in the hydrogenolysis of butane; a reaction for which Rh metal is known to be among the most active catalysts.V2O5 powder was prepared by thermal decomposition of high purity ammonium metavanadate in air at 400 °C for 2 hours. Previous studies of the microstructure of this compound, by HREM, SEM and gas adsorption, showed it to be non— porous with a very low surface area of 6m2/g3. The metal loading of the catalyst used was lwt%Rh on V2Q5. It was prepared by wet impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of RhCI3.3H2O.

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Studies on the Degradation of Human Fibrinogen by Plasmin and Trypsin

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655607 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 16 (03/04) ◽

pp. 526-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. A Beck ◽

D. P Jackson

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Electrophoretic Mobility ◽

Rapid Loss ◽

Clotting System ◽

Human Fibrinogen ◽

Peptide Bonds ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Starch Gel ◽

Ph Stat ◽

Rapid Appearance

SummaryThe effects of trypsin and plasmin on the functional and physicochemical properties of purified human fibrinogen were observed at various stages of proteolysis. Concentrations of plasmin and trypsin that produced fibrinogenolysis at comparable rates as measured in a pH stat produced, at similar rates, loss of precipitability of fibrinogen by heat and ammonium sulphate and alterations in electrophoretic mobility on starch gel. Trypsin produced a more rapid loss of clottability of fibrinogen and a more rapid appearance of inhibitors of the thrombin-fibrinogen clotting system than did plasmin. Consistent differences were noted between the effects of trypsin and plasmin on the immunoelectrophoretic properties of fibrinogen during the early stages of proteolysis.These results are consistent with the hypothesis that trypsin initially reacts with the same peptide bonds of fibrinogen that are split by thrombin, but these same bonds do not appear to be split initially by plasmin. Measurement of the various functional and physico-chemical changes produced by the action of trypsin and plasmin on fibrinogen can be used to recognize various stages of proteolysis.

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Ruthenium(II) Complexes of 1H-Imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]Phenanthroline Derivatives: Physicochemical Properties and Photosensitizing Ability

INEOS OPEN ◽

10.32931/io2010r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

S. D. Tokarev ◽

◽

Yu. V. Fedorov ◽

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties

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The effectiveness of granular chalk use for growing winter wheat on grey forest soil

Agrobìologìâ ◽

10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-181-191 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 181-191

Author(s):

M. Tkachenko ◽

N. Borys ◽

Ye. Kovalenko

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Forest Soil ◽

Active Substance ◽

Mass Fraction ◽

Gray Forest Soil ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Acidic Soils ◽

Grey Forest Soil

The research aims to establish the eff ectiveness of granular chalk use produced by «Slavuta-Calcium» Ltd. under growing Poliska–90 winter wheat variety, changing the physicochemical properties of grey forest soil and the wheat productivity. It also aims to establish optimal dosis of «Slavuta-Calcium» granular chalk as the meliorant and mineral fertilizer for grey forest soil in the system of winter wheat fertilization. In the temporary fi eld studies, various doses of nutrients N60–90–120P30–45–60K60–90–120 combined with «Slavuta–Calcium» granular chalk in a dose of Ca230–460–690 kg/ha of the active substance were studied against the background of secondary plowing of rotation products – soybean biomass that averaged 2.34 t/ha. Granular chalk is a modern complex highly eff ective meliorant with the content of Ca – 37.7 and Mg – 0.2 %, the mass fraction of carbonates (CaCO3 + MgCO3) makes at least 95 %. It is characterized by a high level of solubility when interacting with moisture in soil. It has a form of white granules, the mass fraction of 4.0–6.0 mm in size granules makes not less than 90 % and the one of 1.0 mm in size makes less than 5 %. Reactivity – 97 %. The granular chalk is advisable to apply on acidic soils, as a highly concentrated calcium-magnesium fertilizer, with the former as the dominant fertilizer, to optimize the physicochemical properties of the soil, as well as the plant nutrition system, in particular, increasing the availability of an element for assimilation by plants and as long-term ameliorants. The eff ectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers, in particular acidic nitrogen on highly and medium acidic soils, after chemical reclamation is increased by 30–50 %, and slightly acidic by 15–20 %. The increase in productivity of crops from the combined eff ects of nutrients and chalk granulated is usually higher than when separately applied. The eff ectiveness of the integrated action of these elements is manifested in the growth of plant productivity and the quality of the resulting products, as well as the optimization of physical chemical properties and soil buff ering in the long term. In order to optimize the physicochemical properties of the arable layer of gray forest soil and the productive nutrition of agricultural crops, winter wheat, in particular, biogenic elements should be used in doses N60-90-120P30-45- 60K60-90-120 with granulated chalk «Slavuta-Calcium» in doses of Ca230-460-690 kg/ha of active substance. Granulated chalk obtained as a result of industrial grinding of solid sedimentary carbonate rocks of natural origin, subsequently under the infl uence of the granulation process of the starting material contains Ca and Mg carbonates of at least 95 %, dense granules which facilitates convenient mechanized application, as well as chalk suitable for accurate metered application on the quest map. Key words: granular chalk, gray forest soil, chemical reclamation, crop productivity.

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Characteristics Of The Structure Formation Of Gypsum Binder Modified With Zinc Hydrosilicates

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2020.02.40-46 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 40-46

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Structure Formation ◽

Silicic Acid ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Ability To Act ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Sorption Characteristics

The authors' methodic for assessing the role of chemical and physic-chemical factors during the structure formation of gypsum stone is presented in the article. The methodic is also makes it possible to reveal the synergistic effect and to determine the ranges of variation of controls factors that ensure maximum values of such effect. The effect of a micro-sized modifier based on zinc hydro-silicates on the structure formation of building gypsum is analyzed and corresponding dependencies are found. It is shown that effects of influence of modifier on the properties of gypsum compositions are determined by chemical properties of modifier. Among the mentioned properties are sorption characteristics (which depend on the amount of silicic acid and its state) and physicochemical properties - the ability to act as a substrate during crystal formation. The proposed method can also be extended to other binding substances and materials. This article contributes to the understanding of the processes that occur during the structure formation of composites, which will make it possible to control the structure formation in the future, obtaining materials with a given set of properties.

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