Relationship between ash fusion temperatures of ashes from hard coal, brown coal, and biomass and mineral phases under different atmospheres: A combined FactSage™ computational and network theoretical approach

Abstract Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover in the Middle Kura depression located between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountain structures contains numerous oil accumulations. According to studies in the Cretaceous and Paleogene strata, sedimentary organic matter is of mixed clastic-marine origin. Moderate amounts of organic matter have been recorded in the Eocene sediments (on average 0.70%), in the Upper and Lower Cretaceous average values made up 0.39% и 0.42%, respectively. Analysis of bitumoid composition suggests that in a number of areas bitumoids have experienced a widespread movement across the sedimentary strata. The results of measurements on isolated samples indicate that the Cretaceous strata have only advanced to the initial hard-coal stage of organic transformation (0.48-0.55%Ro). On vitrinite reflectance data the Eocene deposits in studied areas of the Middle Kura depression have reached initial (brown-coal) stage of catagenetic transformation (±0.48Ro%; est. paleotemperature of 85°C). Nonetheless, analysis of formation conditions of commercial HC accumulations found earlier in the Eocene strata allows considering them the most prospective in the Middle Kura depression.

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Characteristics of combined combustion of hard coal and high-reactive brown coal

10.1063/5.0067806 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrey V. Zhuikov ◽

Olesya P. Stebeleva ◽

Stanislav V. Chicherin ◽

Michael V. Kolosov ◽

Lyazzat R. Junussova

Keyword(s):

Brown Coal ◽

Hard Coal

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Analisa Pengaruh Ask Content Terhadap Nilai Kalor Batubara Pada PT. Tribhakti Inspektama Samarinda

Jurnal Pendidikan dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.52436/1.jpti.52 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 243-246

Author(s):

Irhamni Nuhardin

Keyword(s):

Brown Coal ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Bomb Calorimeter

Seiring dengan meningkatnya harga minyak dan gas bumi maka batubara sebagai bahan bakar alternatif sangat diharapkan dapat mengantisipasi kekurangan energi dengan meningkatkan pemanfaatannya untuk keperluan domestik, bahan bakar pembangkit tenaga listrik, dan lain sebagainya. Beberapa negara memiliki sistem klasifikasi batubara secara spesifik. Klasifikasi tersebut digunakan untuk menggolongkan batubara berdasarkan pemanfaatannya. Berdasarkan standar SNI 13-6011-1999 klasifikasi batubara di indonesia dibagi menjadi dua yaitu brown Coal dan hard coal. Umumnya, untuk mengetahui kualitas batubara dilakukan analisa kimia berupa analisis proksimat atau analisis ultimat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah unuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar abu terhadap nilai kalor pada batubara. Indonesia sebelum mengekspor batubara ke negara-negara lain batubara terlebih dahulu diuji dan dianalisis untuk menentukan layak atau tidak untuk di berikan sesuai permintaan konsumenKadar abu merupakan kotoran yang tidak akan terbakar kandungannya berkisar 5%-40%. Oleh karena itu dilakukan analisis proximate untuk mengetahui pengaruh ash content. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari studi literatur, pengolahan sampel dan analisis data. Pengolahan sampel dengan cara menentukan Ash Content dan nilai kalor pada sampel batubara. Adapun cara menentukan Ash content yaitu dengan menimbang sampel batubara dengan berat tertentu kemudian dipanaskan hingga suhu 750?.dalam menentukan nilai kalor dampel batubara yang dianalisis menggunakan alat bomb calorimeter. Ash Content dan Nilai Kalor pada tujuh sampel yang di analisis yaitu sampel BB1 memiliki Ash Content 5,43 dengan nilai kalor 6007, sampel BB2 memiliki Ash Content 7,96 dengan nilai kalor 5752, sampel BB3 memiliki Ash Content 10,62 dengan nilai kalor 4780, sampel BB4 memiliki Ash Content 13,42 dengan nilai kalor 4712, sampel BB5 memiliki Ash Content 21,82 dengan nilai kalor 4154, sampel BB6 memiliki Ash Content 35.57 dengan nilai kalor 3218 dan sampel BB7 memiliki Ash Content 55,93 dengan nilai kalor 1921. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai Ash Content sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai kalor yang dihasilkan.

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Conversion of the Mineral Matter of Brown Coal from the Kansk-Achinsk Basin and Hard Coal from the Ekibastuz Basin upon Their Crushing in a Disintegrator

Solid Fuel Chemistry ◽

10.3103/s0361521919040037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 202-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Yu. Chernetskiy ◽

E. B. Butakov ◽

A. V. Kuznetsov ◽

A. P. Burdukov

Keyword(s):

Brown Coal ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Mineral Matter

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Coal Supply Competition in Germany to the Year 2000

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/014459879501300403 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 307-318

Author(s):

Matthias Hessling

Keyword(s):

Brown Coal ◽

Energy Supply ◽

Low Cost ◽

Surface Mining ◽

Coal Industry ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Term Energy ◽

Western Germany ◽

Coal Supply ◽

Year 2000

Coal is the only significant domestic energy source in Germany. Surface mining of browncoal and its utilization for power generation is economic, while the domestic hard coal industry is maintained for reasons of security of supply despite high costs of the underground operations. Over past decades, however, the size of the industry has been declining sharply. Long-term energy-political agreements guarantee sales of subsidised hard coal to the electricity and steel sectors up to 2005, but on a smaller scale than today. Brown coal use in eastern Germany is also set to decline further from its present level for structural and environmental reasons, while the use of brown coal in western Germany will remain constant. Hard coal imports, on the other hand, are likely to rise. The background of these developments is described in detail, as is the German coal policy. Coal supply is forecast up to the year 2000. The current energy supply structure in Germany as well as its future development are determined by a number of conditions, three of which will be discussed here as relevant to the topic of this paper. A more specific analysis of the hard coal industry, its development and political setting will be presented, followed by a forecast of the coal supply in 2000. The three basic conditions are as follows: Germany is, apart from coal, a country poor in energy resources. German energy policy is based on a balance of three major goals: security of energy supply, environmentally acceptable energy supply and energy supply at low cost. Unification of the two parts of Germany is being followed by a structural change of energy supply and this will continue.

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Sorption of 137Cs and 90Sr on Organic Sorbents

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112311531 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 11531

Author(s):

Petr Belousov ◽

Anna Semenkova ◽

Yulia Izosimova ◽

Inna Tolpeshta ◽

Anna Romanchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Groups ◽

Brown Coal ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Buffering Capacity ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Ph Values ◽

High Moor ◽

Brown Coals ◽

Ph Range ◽

High Moor Peat

The present study examines the sorption of Cs (I) and Sr (II) on organic sorbents in the pH range from 2 to 10, as well as the mechanisms of their binding. In order to determine the influence of the physical properties and the quantity of functional groups of the organic sorbents on sorption, experiments were carried out on organic materials of varying degrees of metamorphism: high-moor peat, hard and brown coals and shungite. A detailed description of their mineral composition, cation exchange capacity, buffering capacity and elemental composition of sorbents is provided. XRD, XRF, SEM and BET adsorption methods were used for assaying. As a result of the conducted research, it can be concluded that Sr (II) showed a higher sorption per unit specific surface area than Cs (I) in the studied range of concentrations and pH values. Sr (II) sorption decreases in the following order: high-moor peat > brown coal > shungite > hard coal. The sorption of Cs (I) is highest on brown coal and lesser for high-moor peat, shungite and hard coal. It is suggested that Cs (I) and Sr (II) can be fixed on carboxyl functional groups and Cs (I), possibly, in insignificant amounts on phenolic hydroxyls of all four studied organic sorbents.

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Coal Demand and Environmental Regulations: A Case Study of the Polish Power Sector

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13061521 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1521 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Przemysław Kaszyński ◽

Jacek Kamiński

Keyword(s):

Power Generation ◽

Brown Coal ◽

Environmental Regulations ◽

Programming Approach ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Power Sector ◽

The Future ◽

The Impact ◽

Future Demand

The impact of environmental regulations implemented in the power industry that affect the consumption of solid fuels is of key importance to coal-based power generation systems, such as that in Poland. In this context, the main purpose of the paper was to determine the future demand for hard coal and brown coal in the Polish power sector by 2050 with reference to the environmental regulations implemented in the power sector. To achieve these goals, a mathematical model was developed using the linear programming approach, which reflected the key relationships between the hard and brown coal mining sector and the power sector in the context of the environmental regulations discussed. The environmental regulations selected had a great influence on the future demand for hard and brown coal in the power generation sector. The scope of this influence depended on particular regulations. The prices of CO2 emission allowances and stricter emissions standards stemming from the Industrial Emissions Directive and the BAT (Best Available Techniques) conclusions had the largest influence on the reduction of hard coal demand. In the case of brown coal, no new power generating units would be deployed; hence, brown coal consumption would drop practically to zero in 2050 under all the scenarios considered.

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The selection of optimal conditions for the process of obtaining humic acid from brown coal

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201910802020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 108 ◽

pp. 02020

Author(s):

Edyta Janeba-Bartoszewicz ◽

Dawid Romek ◽

Jarosław Selech ◽

Jacek Marcinkowski

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Brown Coal ◽

Mixing Time ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Humus Substances ◽

Complexing Properties ◽

Selection Of

The type of plant substance from which brown coal is formed and the conditions in which it forms largely influence its characteristics and properties. On account of a lower degree of coalification and calorific value compared to hard coal and a high content of humic substances, brown coal is becoming a valuable fertiliser component. Humic acids contained in brown coal are also found in the soil’s humus substances, and their beneficial sorptive and complexing properties are a factor speaking in favour of their use both in agriculture and in other branches of the economy. The article presents the manner of preparing a sample of brown coal in order to determine the content of humic acid intended in particular for use in making chemical fertilisers and for other applications, particularly in agriculture. The optimum conditions in which the amount of humic acid in the sample is the highest were determined. The influence of the proportions of water, KOH, and brown coal, temperature, and mixing time on the solubility of the sample of brown coal was analysed. The solutions were mixed in mixers built especially for this purpose. The solubility of brown coal in the prepared solutions was controlled UV-ViS spectrophotometrically.

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Sources of electricity - in the aspect of the problems of electromobility development

AUTOBUSY – Technika Eksploatacja Systemy Transportowe ◽

10.24136/atest.2018.369 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 129-132

Author(s):

Zbigniew Łosiewicz ◽

Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Brown Coal ◽

Power Plants ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Hard Coal

The article discusses problems related to energy sources, necessary for the development of electromobility in Poland. In Poland, power plants are most often supplied with brown coal, hard coal and gas, i.e. black energy. This is an element that should be taken into account when assessing the costs of developing electromobility.

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Spectral Emissivity Measurements of Single Mineral Phases and Ash Deposits

Heat Transfer: Volume 4 ◽

10.1115/ht2005-72099 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. Bohnes ◽

V. Scherer ◽

S. Linka ◽

M. Neuroth ◽

H. Bru¨ggemann

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Wavelength Range ◽

Single Phase ◽

Spectral Emissivity ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Temperature Dependency ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Spectral Emittance ◽

Emissivity Measurements ◽

Total Emissivity

The spectral and total emissivity of particulate ash deposits of different chemical composition which originate from lignite and hard coal fired boilers from Alstom Power and RWE Power were investigated with a spectral radiometer. Furthermore the emittance of all major single phases present in ashes and slag have been determined. The single phases under consideration were SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO. The results on SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO have already been presented by Linka in 2003 [6] and therefore the focus is on FeO, Fe2O3 and CaO in the current paper. A spectral radiometer measures the emittance as a function of temperature and wavelength. The temperature varies from 600 to 1200°C in steps of 50K. The wavelength range from 1 to 15 μm has been examined. The measurements confirm the dependency of the spectral emittance on the chemical composition. Especially the content of either FeO or Fe2O3 or CaO influences the emittance of ashes and slag. The single phase samples of FeO and Fe2O3 show a temperature dependence of the emittance in the wavelength range between 1 and 6 μm. The same character of emittance appears in samples with high fractions of FeO or Fe2O3. CaO shows no temperature dependency in the complete range of wavelengths.

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