scholarly journals The selection of optimal conditions for the process of obtaining humic acid from brown coal

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02020
Author(s):  
Edyta Janeba-Bartoszewicz ◽  
Dawid Romek ◽  
Jarosław Selech ◽  
Jacek Marcinkowski
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Humus Substances ◽  
Complexing Properties ◽  
Selection Of

The type of plant substance from which brown coal is formed and the conditions in which it forms largely influence its characteristics and properties. On account of a lower degree of coalification and calorific value compared to hard coal and a high content of humic substances, brown coal is becoming a valuable fertiliser component. Humic acids contained in brown coal are also found in the soil’s humus substances, and their beneficial sorptive and complexing properties are a factor speaking in favour of their use both in agriculture and in other branches of the economy. The article presents the manner of preparing a sample of brown coal in order to determine the content of humic acid intended in particular for use in making chemical fertilisers and for other applications, particularly in agriculture. The optimum conditions in which the amount of humic acid in the sample is the highest were determined. The influence of the proportions of water, KOH, and brown coal, temperature, and mixing time on the solubility of the sample of brown coal was analysed. The solutions were mixed in mixers built especially for this purpose. The solubility of brown coal in the prepared solutions was controlled UV-ViS spectrophotometrically.

The technical and economic comparison of ethylene production from natural gas and ethane

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq Abubakar Atiku ◽  
Vahid Pirouzfar ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Sung-Yen Wei
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Economic Comparison

Abstract Ethylene is one of the most primary and widely used petrochemical products in today’s world and is considered as a chemical building block in the petrochemical industry. In this research, ethylene production from ethane and natural gas is evaluated in terms of cost and optimum conditions. Also, a comprehensive economic and technical comparison is made to achieve the optimal conditions for ethylene production concerning feed diversity. Nowadays most ethylene production units run with ethane feed. If it is possible to implement gas-ethylene processes with an inexpensive natural gas feed, it will be a significant step for technical and economic optimization. Thus, some methods are introduced and compared, and finally an economic review about best condition for ethylene production from ethane and natural gas/investment with regard to cost and economic efficiency of the methods is provided. The investment cost for Gas to Ethylene (GTE) and Ethane to Ethylene (ETE) processes is 363–701 million dollars per year, respectively. Also, rate of return (ROR) of 24 and 19% is calculated for GTE and ETE processes, respectively.

Hydrocarbon Generative Properties and Maturity of Cretaceous and Eocene Sediments in the Middle Kura Depression, Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Khosrov Akhundov ◽  
Mushfig Farhad Tagiyev ◽  
Arastun Ismail Khuduzade ◽  
Natig Namig Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Lesser Caucasus ◽  
Reflectance Data

Abstract Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover in the Middle Kura depression located between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountain structures contains numerous oil accumulations. According to studies in the Cretaceous and Paleogene strata, sedimentary organic matter is of mixed clastic-marine origin. Moderate amounts of organic matter have been recorded in the Eocene sediments (on average 0.70%), in the Upper and Lower Cretaceous average values made up 0.39% и 0.42%, respectively. Analysis of bitumoid composition suggests that in a number of areas bitumoids have experienced a widespread movement across the sedimentary strata. The results of measurements on isolated samples indicate that the Cretaceous strata have only advanced to the initial hard-coal stage of organic transformation (0.48-0.55%Ro). On vitrinite reflectance data the Eocene deposits in studied areas of the Middle Kura depression have reached initial (brown-coal) stage of catagenetic transformation (±0.48Ro%; est. paleotemperature of 85°C). Nonetheless, analysis of formation conditions of commercial HC accumulations found earlier in the Eocene strata allows considering them the most prospective in the Middle Kura depression.

Selection of the optimum conditions for determining indium by the method of amalgam polarography with accumulation

1969 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1959-1964
Author(s):  
I. P. Alimarin ◽  
E. N. Vinogradova ◽  
A. I. Kamenev ◽  
F. A. Abd�l' Razik
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Optimal Conditions For Production Acidic D-Xylanase By Aspergillus niger in Submerged Fermentation

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Muhamed Omar Abdulatif ◽  
Hyder H. Assmaeel ◽  
Raghad kadhim Obeid ◽  
Ayat Adnan Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Xylanase Production ◽  
Primary Isolation ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Optimum Period

he Xylanase producing strain Aspergillus niger was isolated from soil on potato dextrose agar in the presence of xylan as its first substrate for primary isolation, and then grown under liquid medium fermentation in the presence of crude xylan (rice husk) to produce D-Xylanase. the optimum conditions were determined as follows: the Optimum pH for xylanase production was found pH 5.0, xylanase was induced by xylan (rice husk) 0.1% and the production was (61.221 U/ml) and nitrogen source Yeast extract recorded highest enzyme production( 89.71 U/ml), and repressed by carbon source xylose the highest enzyme production (88.69 U/ml). The optimum temperature was 40°с for xylanase production was (35.15 U/ml), the optimum period after 7 days of incubation was (52.33 U/ml) ,the optimum substrate concentration 0.1% was (45.95 U/ml), and the optimum inoculum size was 1 x 106 (spore /ml) recorded (57.19 U/ml ).

scholarly journals Innovative Visualization System Designed to Monitor Parameters of Mining Systems Operation

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Dawid Szurgacz ◽  
Jarosław Brodny
Keyword(s):  
Hard Coal ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Operation Process ◽  
Hard Coal Mining ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Roof Support

Abstract Mining machines suitable for hard coal mining, due to the specifics of this industry must be characterized by very high technical parameters. In particular, it concerns their durability, reliability and availability. Currently used machines approved for operation in underground conditions meet such requirements. Nevertheless, during their operation it is reasonable to conduct supervision and control of work parameters. This applies to both machine manufacturers and users, which is especially important in the event of a failure. Mine employees should be able control of the entire operation process. This control can be effective thanks to a visualization system developed to monitor the working parameters of mining systems. The paper discusses the innovative system and presents the results of efficiency tests. They concerned the visualization of the operation of a powered roof support. The obtained results indicate that the assumed goal of the system has been achieved. The system is built on elements of industrial automation, which guarantees the reliability of the indicated values. Its graphic layout and selection of the presented parameters are also approved. It should also be emphasized that the system can work with currently operating systems and is easy to expand. According to the Authors, the system should find a wide application in practice.

A Versatile Radioimmunoassay for the Determination of Serum Oestriol in Pregnancy

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. H. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Random Series ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Pregnancy

A versatile radioimmunoassay for serum oestriol in pregnancy has been developed which requires 10 μ| of serum (for total) or 50 μ| (for unconjugated). Selection of the optimum conditions for the hydrolysis of serum oestriol conjugates, the isolation of free oestriol, the displacement of tritiated oestriol by cold oestriol and the separation of the free and bound fractions is described. Total oestriol levels doubled between weeks 34 and 38 of normal pregnancy, very little change occurring in the mean level after the 38th week of gestation. In a random series of pregnancy sera there was a significant correlation between total and unconjugated oestriol.

scholarly journals Heat-emission analysis of small combustion equipments for biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Malaťák ◽  
L. Passian
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Stoichiometric Analysis ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Selection Of

The article addresses the urgent questions regarding the use of biomass as a fuel for combustion equipment of the heat output up to 25 kW. The article is based on the determined elemental analyses of six samples of fuel taken both from the wood mass and herbaceous biomass. These samples underwent the stoichiometric analysis of fuels. After the stoichiometric analysis the heat-emission characteristics were determined on two combustion equipments. The results of carried out elemental and stoichiometric analyses indicate higher values of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine concentration in herbaceous biomass from agriculture compared to the analyzed wood mass. The selection of combustion equipment is particularly influenced by increased contents of sulphur and chlorine (corrosive behaviour). The net calorific value of the analyzed samples taken from the wood mass is higher than of samples taken from the herbaceous biomass. The net calorific value of fuels from herbaceous biomass is reduced due to a higher content of ashes in the fuel. The results of thermal-emission analyses show higher values of nitrogen oxides, sulphur and chlorine concentrations in the herbaceous biomass compared to the analyzed wood mass. The emission concentrations of carbon monoxide for wood fuels and herbaceous biomass also depend on the type of combustion equipment and setting of combustion air volume. The increased emissions of hydrogen chloride generated by various combustion equipments are primarily caused by the volume of combustion air and the amount of chlorine in the fuel itself. The higher the volume of combustion air brought into the combustion chamber is, the higher the emissions of hydrogen chloride are. Based on the analyses we can also draw a conclusion that the spaces of combustion equipment during combustion should be most burdened with the herbaceous biomass.

scholarly journals Optimization of lead (II) removal in leachates using Moringa oleifera seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 06011
Author(s):  
Mae Ann De Castro ◽  
Cyril Ann Agripa ◽  
John Raymond Barajas ◽  
Faye Taniegra
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Comprehensive Programs ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Percent Removal

The absence of comprehensive programs in regulating release of lead to the environment in growing cities situated in developing countries results to widespread intrusion of lead bioaccumulation in their primary sources of food. As a result, a significant increase in lead related diseases continually grows in many low income regions. In an attempt to provide a means of minimizing lead bioaccumulation, we test the extent to which Moringaoleifera seeds (MOS) removes lead (II) ions in aqueous solution. A box-behnken experimental design was used to obtain the optimal conditions in the lead (II) removal process. MOS dosage, initial lead (II) concentration, and pH were found to have significant effects on the percent removal of lead (II) in solution. Actual values of these independent variables were chosen on the basis of preliminary experimental results. Optimum conditions were found to be: MOS dosage 10.0 g/L, initial lead (II) concentration 20.0 ppm, and pH at 5.5. Lead removal using MOS was also performed at optimal conditions. In conclusion, a high lead (II) removal using MOS strongly suggests its potential to be used as a means of treating liquids highly contaminated with lead.

scholarly journals Screening and Comparative Characterization of Microorganisms from Iranian Soil Samples Showing ω-Transaminase Activity toward a Plethora of Substrates

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najme Gord Noshahri ◽  
Jamshid Fooladi ◽  
Christoph Syldatk ◽  
Ulrike Engel ◽  
Majid M. Heravi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Solvent Tolerance ◽  
Chiral Amines ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Transaminase Activity ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
High Enzyme ◽  
Amino Donor ◽  
Selection Of

In this study, soil microorganisms from Iran were screened for ω-transaminase (ω-TA) activity based on growth on minimal media containing (rac)-α-methylbenzylamine (rac-α-MBA) as a sole nitrogen source. Then, for the selection of strains with high enzyme activity, a colorimetric o-xylylendiamine assay was conducted. The most promising strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Five microorganisms showing high ω-TA activity were subjected to determine optimal conditions for ω-TA activity, including pH, temperature, co-solvent, and the specificity of the ω-TA toward different amine donors and acceptors. Among the five screened microorganisms, Bacillus halotolerans turned out to be the most promising strain: Its cell-free extract showed a highly versatile amino donor spectrum toward aliphatic, aromatic chiral amines and a broad range of pH activity. Transaminase activity also exhibited excellent solvent tolerance, with maximum turnover in the presence of 30% (v/v) DMSO.

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