Performance and emissions of Chlorella vulgaris with ruthenium oxide in CI engines

Diesel engines are lean burn engines; hence CO and HC emissions in the exhaust are less likely to occur in substantial amounts. The emissions of serious concern in compression ignition engines are particulate matter and nitrogen oxides because of elevated temperature conditions of combustion. Hence the researchers have strived continuously to lower down the temperature of combustion in order to bring down the emissions from CI engines. This has been tried through premixed charge compression ignition, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), gasoline compression ignition and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). In this study, an attempt has been made to critically review the literature on low-temperature combustion conditions using various conventional and alternative fuels. The problems and challenges augmented with the strategies have also been described. Water-in-diesel emulsion technology has been discussed in detail. Most of the authors agree over the positive outcomes of water-diesel emulsion for both performance and emissions simultaneously.

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Ruthenium oxide/tungsten oxide composite nanofibers as anode catalysts for the green energy generation of Chlorella vulgaris mediated biophotovoltaic cells

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy ◽

10.1002/ep.13262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. Karthikeyan ◽

T. Raj kumar ◽

Mehboobali Pannipara ◽

Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi ◽

N. Senthilkumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tungsten Oxide ◽

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Composite Nanofibers ◽

Ruthenium Oxide ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Green Energy ◽

Anode Catalysts ◽

Oxide Composite

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Engine Performance and Emissions for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Stoichiometric Natural Gas Operation

ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2020-2964 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinlong Liu ◽

Christopher Ulishney ◽

Cosmin E. Dumitrescu

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Catalytic Converter ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Intake Manifold ◽

Heavy Duty ◽

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Heavy Duty Diesel ◽

Ci Engines

Abstract Converting existing compression ignition (CI) engines to spark ignition (SI) operation can increase the use of natural gas (NG) in heavy-duty engine applications and reduce the reliance on petroleum fuels. Gas fumigation upstream of the intake manifold and the addition of a spark plug in place of the diesel injector to initiate and control the combustion process is a convenient approach for converting existing diesel engines to dedicated NG operation. Stoichiometric operation and a three-way catalytic converter can help the engine to comply with increasingly strict emission regulations. However, as the CI-to-SI conversion usually maintains the conventional geometry of a CI engine (i.e., maintains the flat cylinder head and the bowl-in piston), the goal of this study was to observe some of the effects that the diesel conversion to stoichiometric NG SI operation will have on the engine’s performance and emissions. Dynamometer tests were performed at a constant engine speed at 1300 rpm but various spark timings. The experimental results for a net indicated mean effective pressure ∼ 6.7 bar showed that ignition timing did not affect the end of combustion due to the slow-burn inside the squish. Moreover, the less-optimal conditions inside the squish led to increased carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions. While the combustion event was stable with no signs of knocking at the medium load conditions investigated here, the results suggest that the engine control needs to optimize the mass fraction trapped inside the squish region for a higher efficiency and lower emissions.

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The Effect of Using High FFA Rubber Seed Based Biodiesel With Cold and Hot EGR on Performance and Emissions of a CI Engine

ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/ices2008-1635 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Baiju ◽

L. M. Das ◽

M. K. G. Babu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Thermal Efficiency ◽

Flame Temperature ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Exhaust Gas ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Ci Engine ◽

Ci Engines

This paper analyses the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the engine performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine operating on diesel-biodiesel (rubber seed oil methyl ester) blends. Biodiesel operated engines generally produce less unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke compared to diesel fuel but more NOx emissions. NOx formation is a temperature dependent phenomenon and takes place when the combustion temperature is more than 2000K. EGR is an effective method for reducing NOx emissions in CI engines because it reduces the flame temperature and the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber. In this study both hot EGR and cold EGR (5%, 10% and 15%) are used. It was found that NOx emission decreases substantially with both hot and cold EGR but smoke and carbon monoxide emissions are increasing with higher EGR rates. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increases with hot egr but cold EGR gives lower thermal efficiency than hot egr. Hot EGR emits less smoke and less NOx at higher loads compared to cold EGR. It was observed that exhaust gas between 10% and 15% can be recirculated for getting better results. The use of EGR is thus considered to be one of the most effective in reducing NOx emissions.

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Review on the Use of Diesel–Biodiesel–Alcohol Blends in Compression Ignition Engines

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12071194 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1194 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Rodica Niculescu ◽

Adrian Clenci ◽

Victor Iorga-Siman

Keyword(s):

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Compression Ignition ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Ci Engines

The use of alternative fuels contributes to the lowering of the carbon footprint of the internal combustion engine. Biofuels are the most important kinds of alternative fuels. Currently, thanks to the new manufacturing processes of biofuels, there is potential to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared to fossil fuels, on a well-to-wheel basis. Amongst the most prominent alternative fuels to be used in mixtures/blends with fossil fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines are biodiesel, bioethanol, and biomethanol. With this perspective, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends in compression ignition (CI) engines. Many studies have been conducted to assess the impacts of biodiesel use on engine operation. The addition of alcohols such as methanol and ethanol is also practised in biodiesel–diesel blends, due to their miscibility with the pure biodiesel. Alcohols improve the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel–diesel blends, which lead to improved CI engine operation. This review paper discusses some results of recent studies on biodiesel, bioethanol, and biomethanol production, their physicochemical properties, and also, on the influence of the use of diesel–biodiesel–alcohols blends in CI engines: combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions.

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Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with Pongamia Biodiesel and Diesel Blends

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.397 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 877 ◽

pp. 397-402

Author(s):

R. Thirunavukkarasu ◽

R. Tamilselvan ◽

T. Karthickmunisamy ◽

M. Veeramanikandan ◽

Dhandapani Sathish

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

The Other ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽

Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽

Biodiesel Blends ◽

Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Ci Engines

Biodiesel has been recognized as a possible alternative fuel for CI engines because use of biodiesel can reduce petroleum diesel consumption as well as engine out emissions. Out of many biodiesel derived from various resources, this biodiesel derived from Pongamia pinnata Oil (PPO) can be prepared economically using usual transesterification process. In the present study, in-depth research and comparative study of blends of biodiesel made from PPO and diesel is carried out to bring out the benefits of its extensive usage in CI engines. The experimental results of the study reveal that the PPO biodiesel has similar characteristics to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon are observed to be lower in the case of PPO biodiesel blends than diesel. On the other hand specific fuel energy consumption and oxides of nitrogen of PPO biodiesel blends are found to be higher than diesel.

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Numerical Simulation of Re-Entrant Bowl Effects on Natural Gas SI Operation

Volume 1: Large Bore Engines; Fuels; Advanced Combustion ◽

10.1115/icef2018-9609 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jinlong Liu ◽

Cosmin E. Dumitrescu

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Combustion Chamber ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Combustion Stability ◽

Intake Manifold ◽

Stability Performance ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Ci Engines

Heavy-duty compression-ignition (CI) engines converted to natural gas (NG) spark ignition (SI) operation have the potential to increase the use of NG in the transportation sector. A 3D numerical simulation was used to predict how the conventional CI combustion chamber geometry (i.e., re-entrant bowl and flat head) affects the combustion stability, performance and emissions of a single-cylinder CI engine that was converted to SI operation by adding a low-pressure gas injector in the intake manifold and a spark plug in place of the diesel injector. The G-equation based 3D CFD simulation investigated three different combustion chamber configurations that changes the size of the squish region at constant compression ratio and clearance height. The results show that the different flame propagation speeds inside and outside the re-entrant bowl can create a two-zone combustion phenomenon. More, a larger squish region increased flame burning speed, which decreased late-combustion duration. All these findings support the need for further investigations of combustion chamber shape design for optimum engine performance and emissions in CI engines converted to NG SI operation.

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Numerical Simulation of Re-Entrant Bowl Effects on Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition Operation

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4043030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 141 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jinlong Liu ◽

Cosmin Emil Dumitrescu

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Combustion Chamber ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Combustion Stability ◽

Intake Manifold ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Ci Engines

Heavy-duty compression–ignition (CI) engines converted to natural gas (NG) spark ignition (SI) operation have the potential to increase the use of NG in the transportation sector. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation was used to predict how the conventional CI combustion chamber geometry (i.e., re-entrant bowl and flat head) affects the combustion stability, performance, and emissions of a single-cylinder CI engine that was converted to SI operation by adding a low-pressure gas injector in the intake manifold and a spark plug in place of the diesel injector. The G-equation based 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation investigated three different combustion chamber configurations that change the size of the squish region at a constant compression ratio (CR) and a clearance height. The results show that the different flame propagation speeds inside and outside the re-entrant bowl can create a two-zone combustion phenomenon. Moreover, a larger squish region increased the flame burning speed, which decreased late-combustion duration (DOC). All these findings support the need for further investigations of the combustion chamber shape design for optimum engine performance and emissions in CI engines converted to NG SI operation.

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Performance and Emissions of Preheated Biodiesel on a Compression Ignition (CI) Engines

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.291 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 465-466 ◽

pp. 291-295

Author(s):

Norrizal Mustaffa ◽

Amir Khalid ◽

Mohamad Farid Sies ◽

Hanis Zakaria ◽

Bukhari Manshoor

Keyword(s):

Diesel Fuel ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Fuel Temperature ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Air Mixing ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

C 50 ◽

Ci Engines

Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to agriculture, construction, light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This phenomenon associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel derived from crude palm oil with 5% blending ratio (B5) at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C on performance and emissions of diesel engine under two different load conditions, which are 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments and the engine speed was varied from 1500 rpm up to 3000 rpm with the 500 rpm increment. Dynapack chassis dynamometer was used to perform the performance data while Autocheck gas/smoke analyzer and Drager were used to obtain the emissions data. Increased of load and biodiesel fuel temperature promotes more rapid engine performance but exhibit relatively small variations in emissions production.

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