The mass ratio of splashed particles during raindrop splash phenomenon on soil surface

An experimental laboratory setup was developed and evaluated in order to investigate detachment of soil particles by raindrop splash impact. The soil under investigation was a silty loam Cambisol, which is typical for agricultural fields in Central Europe. The setup consisted of a rainfall simulator and soil samples packed into splash cups (a plastic cylinder with a surface area of 78.5 cm2) positioned in the center of sediment collectors with an outer diameter of 45 cm. A laboratory rainfall simulator was used to simulate rainfall with a prescribed intensity and kinetic energy. Photographs of the soil’s surface before and after the experiments were taken to create digital models of relief and to calculate changes in surface roughness and the rate of soil compaction. The corresponding amount of splashed soil ranged between 10 and 1500 g m−2 h−1. We observed a linear relationship between the rainfall kinetic energy and the amount of the detached soil particles. The threshold kinetic energy necessary to initiate the detachment process was 354 J m−2 h−1. No significant relationship between rainfall kinetic energy and splashed sediment particle-size distribution was observed. The splash erosion process exhibited high variability within each repetition, suggesting a sensitivity of the process to the actual soil surface microtopography.

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Sulphur cycling between terrestrial agroecosystem and atmosphere

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology ◽

10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2252 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 301-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Željka Zgorelec ◽

Gordana Pehnec ◽

Ferdo Bašić ◽

Ivica Kisić ◽

Milan Mesić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plantago Lanceolata ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Multidisciplinary Research ◽

Sulphur Compounds ◽

Sulphur Deposition ◽

Mean Values ◽

Measuring Station ◽

Total Sulphur ◽

The Village

Central gas station of the natural gas borehole system Podravina is located near the village Molve. It delivers more than a quarter of total energy used in Croatia to its consumers. Over the years, adapting technology to increasingly demanding and rigorous standards in environmental protection has become paramount. Yet, despite all the industry has undertaken to address the risk of harmful substances entering the food chain, a multidisciplinary research team of independent scientists monitors the content of specifi c substances in all components of the ecosystem. This paper presents measurements of total sulphur contents in soil surface [(0 to 3) cm] and subsurface [(3 to 8) cm] layers (study period: autumn 2006 - spring 2010) and in plants (study period: spring 2000 - spring 2010), and the concentration of gaseous sulphur compounds in the air. Concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and mercaptans (RSH) were measured from the summer of 2002 until the autumn of 2010, while concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured from the spring of 2008 until the autumn of 2010. The paper also shows total annual atmospheric sulphur (S-SO4) deposition at Bilogora measuring station (study period: 2001 - 2010). Average monthly concentrations of H2S in air varied between 0.2 μg m-3 and 2.0 μg m-3, RSH between 0.1 μg m-3 and 24.5 μg m-3, and SO2 between 0.4 μg m-3 and 2.8 μg m-3 depending on the location and the season of sampling. Mean values of total sulphur in soil and in Plantago lanceolata plant ranged between 610 mg kg-1 and 1,599 mg kg-1 and between 3,614 mg kg-1 and 4,342 mg kg-1, respectively, depending on the soil type, location, and sampling depth. Average values of total sulphur mass ratio for all examined single soil samples (n=80) were 1,080 mg kg-1 for both studied layers, and 4,108 mg kg-1 for all analysed plant samples (n=85). Average total annual atmospheric sulphur deposition at Bilogora measuring station was 6.3 kg of S-SO4 per hectar.

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Comparison of three measures of resistance of soil surface seals to raindrop splash

Soil Technology ◽

10.1016/0933-3630(92)90006-m ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 47-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J.M. Bradford ◽

C.C. Truman ◽

C. Huang

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Raindrop Splash

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The use of high-speed camera technique for observation of soil splash phenomena

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-15394 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michał Beczek ◽

Magdalena Ryżak ◽

Rafał Mazur ◽

Agata Sochan ◽

Cezary Polakowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Drop Impact ◽

Solid Particles ◽

High Speed Camera ◽

Water Drops ◽

Crown Formation ◽

Raindrop Splash ◽

The Impact

Soil, i.e. the natural outer layer of the lithosphere and an important component of many ecosystems, may be subjected to various degradation processes dependent on different factors. One of the forms of degradation is water erosion, where the first stage is the splash phenomenon. This process is caused by water drops hitting the soil surface during rainfall, which results in detachment and ejection of splashed material and transport thereof over different distances. The aim of this study was to present the application of the high-speed camera technique for investigations of surface phenomena (effects) influenced by the impact of a single water-drop onto the soil surface.The measurements were conducted on types of soil differentiated in terms of texture and variants of initial moisture content, which helped to observe different aspects of the soil splash phenomenon. Water drops with a diameter of 4.2 mm fell on soil samples with various kinetic energy values depending on the height of the drop fall (up to 7m). Phantom Miro M310 high-speed cameras were used to observe the effects of the drop impact. The devices registered images with a speed of 3260 fps (frames per second) at the highest available resolution (1280x800 pixels). The following phenomena were observed: I) ejection of splashed particles (including solid soil particles, water droplets, solid particles within the water sheath); II) crown formation &#8211; when the drop impacting onto wet soil surface forces the liquid layer to rise up and form a crown (important for the mode and amount of transferred material); III) micro-crater formation &#8211; the deformation of the surface and formation of a shallow pool after the drop impact.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;This work was partly financed from the National Science Centre, Poland; project no. 2018/31/N/ST10/01757.&#160;References:<ol><li>Beczek M., Ry&#380;ak M., Sochan A., Mazur R., Bieganowski A.: The mass ratio of splashed particles during raindrop splash phenomenon on soil surface. GEODERMA 347, 40-48, 2019</li> <li>Beczek M., Ry&#380;ak M., Lamorski K., Sochan A., Mazur R., Bieganowski A.: Application of X-ray computed microtomography to soil craters formed by raindrop splash. Geomorphology 303, 357-361, 2018</li> <li>Beczek M., Ry&#380;ak M., Sochan A., Mazur R., Polakowski C., Bieganowski A.: The differences in crown formation during the splash on the thin water layers formed on the saturated soil surface and model surface. PLoS ONE 12, 2017</li> </ol>

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Volume-Mass Ratio by Freehand 3D Echo at Baseline in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Predicts Improvement/no Improvement Following Treatment With Carvedilol

Journal of the American College of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/s0735-1097(97)85601-x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 437A

Author(s):

D King

Keyword(s):

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

3D Echo

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Modelling the mineralisation of plant residues on the soil surface

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:2002042 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 711-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Axel Berkenkamp ◽

Eckart Priesack ◽

Jean Charles Munch

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Plant Residues

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Status and development prospects of standard means for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and radon flux density from the soil surface

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-1-69-73 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 69-73

Author(s):

S.G. Birjukov ◽

O.I. Kovalenko ◽

A.A. Orlov

Keyword(s):

Flux Density ◽

Soil Surface ◽

National Standards ◽

Measuring Instruments ◽

Volumetric Activity ◽

Standard Means ◽

Radon Flux ◽

Technical Solutions ◽

Development Prospects ◽

Physical Principles

The approach to creating standard means for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and flux density of radon from the soil surface is described based on the physical principles of reproducing these units of quantities and using as technical means for reproducing bubblers with a radioactive solution of radium salt, reference capacities of known volume, emanation chambers for generation of a toron, a gamma spectrometer with a semiconductor detector from highly pure germanium and radon radiometers. Reproduction consists in the physical realization of units in accordance with their definition as applied to the formation of radon and thoron in the radioactive rows of radium and thorium. The proposed approach will allow to determine the structural, structural and other technical solutions of standard measuring instruments, as well as specific techniques and methods of working with them. The creation of standard tools and technologies for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and the density of radon flux from the soil surface will ensure the unity and reliability of measurements in the field of ionizing radiation, traceability of units and bringing the characteristics of national standards in line with world achievements.

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