The Multiple Meanings of Prosperity and Poverty in Tanzania

This book focuses heavily on changing patterns in ownership of assets. In other analyses where assets are used to investigate change then one of the standard means of investigating wealth and poverty is to construct asset indices to examine patterns across space and over time. Assets are important to local definitions of poverty and wealth in rural Africa. Yet their use in asset indices can miss locally valued change. The chapter presents data from seventeen villages across Tanzania to explore differences in the meaning of wealth and poverty across the country. Despite limitations in our site selection we found considerable diversity that makes a single asset index difficult to compile. Current abbreviated asset indices risk counting assets that do not matter locally.

CONSIDERATIONS ON ALGORITHMS OF SELECTION AND COMPONENTS FORMING OF ON-BOARD INFORMATION AND MEASURING COMPLEXES AND REGISTRATION SYSTEMS. PECULIARITIES OF THEIR APPLICATION

On-board information and measuring complexes and registration systems are intended to control the parameters of both systems and components of the prototype and the sample of automotive and armored vehicles in general to obtain qualitative and quantitative characteristics to assess their compliance with specifications of technical development requirements. At present stage, there is often a need to improve methods for optimizing the development of on-board systems for collecting and processing information to ensure conducting of testing works, which take into account particulars of the electronic equipment development and are based on a unified approach to the optimal use of resources of collection and information processing systems. Analysis of the problem of rational use of resources of standard means of measurement, registration and indication in the system of onboard measurements and further processing of the results in automated systems for collecting and processing information for their use in testing mass produced (modernized) aircraft was previously considered by Soviet, Ukrainian and foreign scientists. But they do not give a complete picture of the algorithm, completeness and quality of tests using standard measuring instruments installed on board aircraft and do not answer a number of questions related to the optimization of the computational process. In particular, the potentials of standard means of measurement, registration and indication as part of the on- board measurement system for testing mass produced (modernized) aircraft and installed components, units and systems under test are not fully explored. The issue of building optimal data collection programs that implement the inquiry of measuring channels with restrictions on the frequency of channel inquiry and information processing speed is insufficiently studied. The novelty of the research consists in the developing of an algorithm for capabilities analysis and procedure for incorporating standard measuring, registration and indication instruments in the on-board measuring system within a single measuring and information field for testing mass produced (modernized) samples of weapons. Approbation and implementation of the abovementioned algorithms will allow test teams to minimize time spent on the development (selection) of the onboard measurement system to ensure research and testing of both modernized aircraft, vehicles and armored vehicles and newly created with advanced information systems.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS IN A TEXTUAL SOURCE AND WITH THE HELP OF AN INTELLECTUAL ELECTRONIC BOOK

Рассматривается сравнение эффективности поиска решения по тексту на основе стандартных средств ИТ-технологий и при помощи нового варианта интеллектуальной электронной книги - элинга. Применяется база знаний на основе молинг для текста, используемого в эксперименте. The article deals with the comparison of the effectiveness of searching for a solution in the text using the standard means of IT technologies and with the help of a new version of an intelligent electronic book - elinga. A knowledge base of molingas is applied to model the text used in the experiment. Higher quality of solutions found and potentially higher speed of search are demonstrated.

NUOVE ESCHE PER PESCARE NEL MARE MAGNUM DELL’EREDITÀ CULTURALE

We describe here a novel tool for exploring documents pertaining to the world Cultural Heritage while avoiding their contamination or damage. Known under the acronym EVA, it consists of a plastic foil of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate studded with strong cation and anion resins admixed with C8 and C18 hydrophobic beads. When applied to any surface such foils can harvest any type of surface material, which is then eluted and analysed via standard means, such as GS/MS (typically for metabolites), MS/MS (for peptide and protein analysis), X-ray (for elemental analysis). We briefly review here a number of past data, such as screening of original documents by Bulgakov, Chekov, Casanova, Kepler, while dealing in extenso with very recent data, pertaining to Orwell and Stalin and analysis of the skin of an Egyptian mummy. The technique was also successfully applied to paintings, such as the Donna Nuda at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, attributed to Leonardo and his school. This novel methodology represents a formidable tool for exploring the past life of famous authors, scientist and literates in that it can detect traces of their pathologies and even drug consumption left by saliva and sweat traces on their original hand-written documents.

Comparative analysis of the us ISO and NIST standards on assessing the risk of information leakage in communication systems

The reliability of any system was always defined by its level of stability and by availability to have in responsible security persons or specialists’ disposal necessary preventive measures, which are adequate to the threats risks and which are not yielded to easy elimination or demolishing. There was always in the world competition for the information ownership and according to it there was always the rivalry for ability to preserve effectively this ownership from the “outsiders” and much more from competitors. The protective systems are as effective as they include completely all the possible and theoretically probable processes, which are going on within the information system (IS) or can be caused by outside influence, or when they appeared accidentally. Therefore, risk controlling management model for the IS must reflects all the variety of events and also the processes of resources distribution and using. Making the analyses of available for today published works on this occasion it’s possible to come to a conclusion that all of them (standards) contain in themselves a great deal of engaging of methods and tools, which are sufficient for to discharge the setting tasks. But in the information field the life is also going on and appearing of the new risks is inevitable as the necessity to search for the new standard means of counteraction to them. The theme of this article is the comparing analyses of two main standards, which are appealed to create secure conditions in information space for the owners of information and for their working without hindrances within their network, and for their outside partners and consumers.

MODEL OF STANDARD FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN THE COLLECTION OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK DOCUMENTS

The article proposes a model of the standards’ texts for information retrieval in the collection of documents the regulatory framework. It is proved that the standard means of information retrieval in the collection texts of standards are ineffective due to the compositional features of the texts and the wide use of generalized and abstract vocabulary. Distinctive stylistic features of standards’ texts in normative base are shown in compositional structure, logic of material representation, compactness. It is noted that the standards’ texts have the same structure of material presentation for all texts of this class, and also contain a limited set of structural elements. The description of structural elements of standards is given. It is proved that the compositional structure of the standard’s text has a significant impact on the results of information retrieval in the collection of documents the regulatory framework. The compositional structure of the standard in the Backus-Naur notations is presented. It is developed the model of the standards’ text in the form of a graph, the vertices and edges of which are full-fledged structural elements of the standard, significant both for the content of the text as a whole, and in terms of information retrieval. It is proved that the presentation of the standard’s text in the form of a graph makes it possible in the process of computer analysis the standard’s text to determine the type of structural element, the degree of nesting, by submitting the standard in the form of a finite set of its components.

Face Validity of Remembering and Knowing: Empirical Consensus and Disagreement Between Participants and Researchers

Ever since Endel Tulving first distinguished between episodic and semantic memory, the remember/know paradigm has become a standard means of probing the phenomenology of participants’ memorial experiences by memory researchers, neuropsychologists, neuroscientists, and others. However, this paradigm has not been without its problems and has been used to capture many different phenomenological experiences, including retrieval from episodic versus semantic memory, recollection versus familiarity, strength of memory traces, and so on. We first conducted a systematic review of its uses across the literature and then examined how memory experts, other cognitive psychology experts, experts in other areas of psychology, and lay participants (Amazon Mechanical Turk workers) define what it means when one says “I remember” and “I know.” From coding their open-ended responses using a number of theory-bound dimensions, it seems that lay participants do not see eye to eye with memory experts in terms of associating “I remember” responses with recollection and “I know” responses with familiarity. However, there is general consensus with Tulving’s original distinction, linking remembering with memory for events and knowing with semantic memory. Recommendations and implications across fields are discussed.

Status and development prospects of standard means for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and radon flux density from the soil surface

The approach to creating standard means for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and flux density of radon from the soil surface is described based on the physical principles of reproducing these units of quantities and using as technical means for reproducing bubblers with a radioactive solution of radium salt, reference capacities of known volume, emanation chambers for generation of a toron, a gamma spectrometer with a semiconductor detector from highly pure germanium and radon radiometers. Reproduction consists in the physical realization of units in accordance with their definition as applied to the formation of radon and thoron in the radioactive rows of radium and thorium. The proposed approach will allow to determine the structural, structural and other technical solutions of standard measuring instruments, as well as specific techniques and methods of working with them. The creation of standard tools and technologies for reproducing units of volumetric activity of radon and thoron and the density of radon flux from the soil surface will ensure the unity and reliability of measurements in the field of ionizing radiation, traceability of units and bringing the characteristics of national standards in line with world achievements.

Analysis and development trends of devices for finding illegal means of obtaining information

This article raises the issue of leakage or loss of information, which can lead to material damage or catastrophic consequences. The analysis of search devices of secret reception means of information different on the principle of work, and methods of search of secret reception means of information is carried out. According to the analysis, we can conclude that the process of finding means of covert receipt of information at the present stage of society qualitatively development goes to another level. Therefore, the search methods and equipment used for this need to be improved, and the problem of analyzing the means of finding means of covert information in order to identify trends and develop modern requirements for them becomes relevant. Methods of concealing the work of secret means of obtaining information used in their development are studied. It should be noted that today it is much easier to make a digital transmitter, using the modern element base of standard means of communication, than to create and configure an "analog" bookmark on a transistor with positive feedback. That is why the possibilities of modern means of obtaining information secretly are influenced by the latest and promising technologies. The latest means of covert information retrieval (radio bookmarks) have the ability to use a variety of methods to hide the data channel, which significantly complicates the process of finding them. In particular, in the case of their use of combined methods of hiding the data channel. Taking into account the latest developments in the field of hidden information, a complete methodological set of requirements for regional design and creation of modern automated search systems, which, in turn, fully meet the process of modern automated search of digital radio bookmarks. These requirements can be used as a technical task in the design of automated software for searching digital radio bookmarks.