scholarly journals The immune response and immune evasion characteristics in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: Vaccine design strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 107051
Author(s):  
Soheila Molaei ◽  
Masoomeh Dadkhah ◽  
Vahid Asghariazar ◽  
Chiman Karami ◽  
Elham Safarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Design Strategies

scholarly journals The Brilliance of Borrelia: Mechanisms of Host Immune Evasion by Lyme Disease-Causing Spirochetes

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Cassidy Anderson ◽  
Catherine A. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance

Lyme disease (LD) has become the most common vector-borne illness in the northern hemisphere. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is capable of establishing a persistent infection within the host. This is despite the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. B. burgdorferi utilizes several immune evasion tactics ranging from the regulation of surface proteins, tick saliva, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and the disabling of the germinal center. This review aims to cover the various methods by which B. burgdorferi evades detection and destruction by the host immune response, examining both the innate and adaptive responses. By understanding the methods employed by B. burgdorferi to evade the host immune response, we gain a deeper knowledge of B. burgdorferi pathogenesis and Lyme disease, and gain insight into how to create novel, effective treatments.

Immunotherapy: New insights in breast cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bader Alshehri
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Breast Tumor ◽  
Parp Inhibitor ◽  
Breast Cancer Treatment ◽  
New Treatment

Breast cancer being the most malignant and lethal disease persistent among women globally. Immunotherapy as a new treatment modality has emerged in understanding the loopholes in the treatment of breast cancer which is mainly attributed to the potential of tumor cells to evade and survive the immune response by developing various strategies. Therefore, improved understanding of the immune evasion by cancer cells and the monoclonal antibodies against PD- and PD-L1 can help us in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Here in this article, I have highlighted that in addition to focusing on other strategies for breast cancer treatment, the involvement of immune system in breast cancer is vital for the understanding of this malignancy. Further, the complete involvement of immune system in the relapse or recurrence of the breast tumor and have also highlighted the role of vaccines, PD-1 and CTLA-4 with the recent advances in the field. Moreover, in addition to the application of immunotherapy as a sole therapy, combinations of immunotherapy with various strategies like targeting it with MEK inhibitors, Vaccines, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor has shown to have significant benefits is also discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Immune response during hantavirus diseases: implications for immunotherapies and vaccine design

Immunology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farides Saavedra ◽  
Fabián E. Díaz ◽  
Angello Retamal‐Díaz ◽  
Camila Covián ◽  
Pablo A. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Design

scholarly journals Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masachika Senba ◽  
Naoki Mori
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Class I ◽  
Presentation Pathway

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has developed strategies to escape eradication by innate and adaptive immunity. Immune response evasion has been considered an important aspect of HPV persistence, which is the main contributing factor leading to HPV-related cancers. HPV-induced cancers expressing viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are potentially recognized by the immune system. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are patrolled by natural killer cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. This system of recognition is a main target for the strategies of immune evasion deployed by viruses. The viral immune evasion proteins constitute useful tools to block defined stages of the MHC class I presentation pathway, and in this way HPV avoids the host immune response. The long latency period from initial infection to persistence signifies that HPV evolves mechanisms to escape the immune response. It has now been established that there are oncogenic mechanisms by which E7 binds to and degrades tumor suppressor Rb, while E6 binds to and inactivates tumor suppressor p53. Therefore, interaction of p53 and pRb proteins can give rise to an increased immortalization and genomic instability. Overexpression of NF-kB in cervical and penile cancers suggests that NF-kB activation is a key modulator in driving chronic inflammation to cancer. HPV oncogene-mediated suppression of NF-kB activity contributes to HPV escape from the immune system. This review focuses on the diverse mechanisms of the virus immune evasion with HPV that leads to chronic inflammation and cancer.

scholarly journals Directed attenuation to enhance vaccine immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1008602
Author(s):  
Rustom Antia ◽  
Hasan Ahmed ◽  
James J. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines

Many viral infections can be prevented by immunizing with live, attenuated vaccines. Early methods of attenuation were hit-and-miss, now much improved by genetic engineering. However, even current methods operate on the principle of genetic harm, reducing the virus’s ability to grow. Reduced viral growth has the undesired side-effect of reducing the host immune response below that of infection with wild-type. Might some methods of attenuation instead lead to an increased immune response? We use mathematical models of the dynamics of virus with innate and adaptive immunity to explore the tradeoff between attenuation of virus pathology and immunity. We find that modification of some virus immune-evasion pathways can indeed reduce pathology yet enhance immunity. Thus, attenuated vaccines can, in principle, be directed to be safe yet create better immunity than is elicited by the wild-type virus.

scholarly journals 2G12-Expressing B Cell Lines May Aid in HIV Carbohydrate Vaccine Design Strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2234-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Doores ◽  
M. Huber ◽  
K. M. Le ◽  
S.-K. Wang ◽  
C. Doyle-Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Design Strategies

CD209 (DC-SIGN) – role in the work of the innate immunity and pathogen penetration

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
E. A. Klimov ◽  
◽  
E. K. Novitskaya ◽  
S. N. Koval’chuk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Lectin Receptor

Intercellular adhesion molecule CD209 (DC-SIGN) is a membrane C-type lectin receptor expressed on the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages. CD209 plays an important role in innate immunity. Many studies have shown the possibility of interaction of the CD209 molecule with a number of dangerous pathogens of humans and animals. This review summarizes information on the structure of the CD209 gene and its product, describes the role of the CD209 protein in the immune response, in the migration of dendritic cells from the blood to the tissue, and their interaction with neutrophils. The currently known signaling pathway of activation through the CD209 inflammatory response is presented. The role of CD209 as an endocytic antigen receptor and the participation of the protein in immune evasion of pathogens are discussed. The mechanisms known to date for the development of infections caused by pathogens of various nature in animals are described.

scholarly journals Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. eabb9983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunori Watanabe ◽  
Joel D. Allen ◽  
Daniel Wrapp ◽  
Jason S. McLellan ◽  
Max Crispin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Approach ◽  
A Site

The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in protein folding and immune evasion. Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design.

scholarly journals Review on vaccine design strategies against cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Muktar Yimer ◽  
Feyissa Negassa ◽  
Sisay Tesfaye ◽  
Dubie Teshager ◽  
Kemal Jelalu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Design Strategies
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