15884 Under-representation of dark skin tone in general dermatology textbooks

I investigate the association between the skin tone of soccer players and the number of red cards they receive from a referee. This is done by matching players with a dark skin tone to players with a light skin tone, based on physically similarity of the players and the positions of the players in the field. No support was found for the presence of a positive association.

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A matching of soccer players for testing the association between skin tone and the proportion of red cards received

10.31235/osf.io/f9825 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Rudy Ligtvoet

Keyword(s):

Positive Association ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Light Skin ◽

Dark Skin Tone

I investigate the association between the skin tone of soccer players and the number of red cards they receive from a referee. This is done by matching players with a dark skin tone to players with a light skin tone, based on physically similarity of the players and the positions of the players in the field. No support was found for the presence of a positive association.

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Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic

BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health ◽

10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Martin Kohlmeier

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

High Latitude ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Mendelian Randomisation ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Common Genetic Variants ◽

High Latitude Region ◽

Dark Skin Tone

Vitamin D deficiency, which impedes good immune function, is common during winter and spring in regions of high latitude. There is good evidence that vitamin D deficiency contributes to the seasonal increase of virus infections of the respiratory tract, from the common cold to influenza, and now possibly also COVID-19. This communication explores key factors that make it more likely, particularly in combination, that individuals are vitamin D deficient. These factors include old age, obesity, dark skin tone and common genetic variants that impede vitamin D status. Precision nutrition is an approach that aims to consider known personal risk factors and health circumstances to provide more effective nutrition guidance in health and disease. In regard to avoiding vitamin D deficiency, people with excess body fat, a dark skin tone or older age usually need to use a moderately dosed daily vitamin D supplement, particularly those living in a high-latitude region, getting little ultraviolet B exposure due to air pollution or staying mostly indoors. Carriers of the GC (group-specific component) rs4588 AA genotype also are more likely to become deficient. Very high-dosed supplements with more than 4000 IU vitamin D are rarely needed or justified. A state-by-state Mendelian randomisation analysis of excess COVID-19 mortality of African-Americans in the USA shows a greater disparity in northern states than in southern states. It is conceivable that vitamin D adequacy denies the virus easy footholds and thereby slows spreading of the contagion. This finding should drive home the message that vitamin D supplementation is particularly important for individuals with dark skin tones. Vitamin D deficiency, even for a few months during the winter and spring season, must be rigorously remedied because of its many adverse health impacts that include decreased life expectancy and increased mortality. Slowing the spread of COVID-19 would be an added bonus.

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Pemphigus Vulgaris in a Black Patient: Early Recognition of Disease Saves Lives

Journal of Dermatology and Skin Science ◽

10.29245/2767-5092/2021/2.1137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

María A. Rodríguez-Santiago ◽

Javier García-Marín ◽

Alfredo Lamela-Domenech ◽

María Vega-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Skin Color ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Racial Diversity ◽

Pemphigus Vulgaris ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Rapid Progression ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Literature Highlight ◽

Dark Skin Tone

There is a well-known shortage of racial diversity in medical textbooks and literature contributing to race-based health care inequalities1. We present the case of a black puertorrican 58-year-old female who developed a painful non-pruritic blistering ulcer in the inner oral mucosa with associated erythema six months prior to the evaluation. She was misdiagnosed on multiple occasions leading to a rapid progression of the disease, and subsequently, her death. Lack of images in medical textbooks and scarce literature describing initial presentation per-skin-tone of Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) in patients with dark skin color led to misdiagnosis, delay in treatment, and thus, this catastrophic outcome. This case report describes the appearance of PV in patients with dark skin tone and serves as an educational resource by providing images of a rare skin disease in people with dark skin. The purpose of this case report is to fill major gaps in medical literature, highlight the importance of timely recognizing PV in patients with dark skin, and to create awareness among physicians.

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Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi

The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics ◽

10.1017/rep.2016.6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 227-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amit Ahuja ◽

Susan L. Ostermann ◽

Aashish Mehta

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Indian Society ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Color Preferences ◽

Indian Politics ◽

Voter Preferences ◽

Weak Evidence ◽

Significance Levels

AbstractAdoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.

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My Skin Color Is Not Mi Pecado

Hispanic Women/Latina Leaders Overcoming Barriers in Higher Education - Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3763-3.ch007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 156-168

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Personal Experience ◽

Skin Color ◽

The United States ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Growing Up ◽

Dark Skin

This chapter revealed itself as the title of the author's dissertation because of the binary mentality that thrives throughout our country and in our personal experience. On the author's first days after arriving in the United States, she was asked where she had her tanning done. She had never heard such a thing while she was growing up in Mexico nor did she think that she had dark skin because she had always considered herself Blanca/White. It did not mean that during her early twenties she could not see color, just that appearances did not matter as much as the treatment toward her. She was raised by those whose skin color also caused them to be labeled here in the United States as Moreno/Black. The ones who raised her were a Mexican medical pastor and a Güera/White Mexican, nurse, and housewife, and they referred to her, their precious youngster, simply as Brown or—as she likes to call her skin tone—café con leche/milk with coffee. The participants in the study also related that they have faced microaggressions and—in some instances—their professional tenure was in jeopardy.

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An Ethnographic Investigation of Women’s Perception and Cognition Regarding Skin Color in Pakistan

Anthropos ◽

10.5771/0257-9774-2020-2-405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 405-416

Author(s):

Subaita Zubair ◽

Urwah Ali ◽

Zuba’a Akhtar

Keyword(s):

Mate Selection ◽

Skin Color ◽

Qualitative Methodology ◽

Skin Tone ◽

Ethnographic Study ◽

Late Adolescents ◽

Focus Group Discussions ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Depth Interviews

The ethnographic study tends to explore female perception concerning diverse skin colors and different connotations associated with it in Pakistan’s society. It is intended to highlight preferable and judgmental cognitions attached with gender skin tone by exploring the reasons which propagate this kind of thinking in culture. A qualitative methodology of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was employed. The sample included late adolescents (aged 18-24) and early adults (24-34) from the area of Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan). Purposive sampling was applied and thematic analysis was used as a qualitative paradigm. The number of respondents comprised of 15 females of which 5 were gym-goers. This culture has its biased and paradoxical ways when it comes to expectations and objectification genders face with regard to body image, particularly skin complexion. Schemas and biased standards play their role when it comes to judging people on their appearance and attractiveness. Conclusively, according to our study, fair color, attractive looks, and appealing personality always received more favors than obese, dark skin colored sexes. Fair complexion is assumed to open gates to opportunities and incredible chances for females, especially when it comes to mate selection or matrimony.

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Skin-Tone as Racial Marker: Recognition Differences for Light, Medium, and Dark Skin-Toned Faces

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e566962012-493 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Osman Chowdhry ◽

Heather Caspers ◽

Dwight Peterson ◽

M. Kimberly MacLin ◽

Otto H. MacLin

Keyword(s):

Skin Tone ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Light Medium

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African American Adolescent Girls’ Beliefs About Skin Tone and Colorism

Journal of Black Psychology ◽

10.1177/0095798420928194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2-3) ◽

pp. 169-194

Author(s):

Jasmine A. Abrams ◽

Faye Z. Belgrave ◽

Chelsea D. Williams ◽

Morgan L. Maxwell

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African American Women ◽

Lower Class ◽

Phenomenological Approach ◽

Skin Tone ◽

African American Girls ◽

Dark Skin ◽

American Women ◽

African American Adolescent ◽

Light Skin

Colorism is a pervasive system of inequality shown to negatively affect psychosocial and economic outcomes among African American adults. Among African American women and girls in particular, the social and psychological implications of colorist practices can be severe. The present study aimed to better understand African American girls’ understanding of this phenomenon during adolescence. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews and focus groups were conducted with African American girls ( N = 30) in order to determine which colorist messages are perceived and potentially internalized as communal beliefs. Iterative coding and subsequent thematic analysis revealed three primary themes and four subthemes: (a) Skin tone and attractiveness (Subthemes: Light skin as beautiful; Dark skin as unattractive), (b) Skin tone and social standing and education level (Subthemes: Dark skin as lower class; Light skin as higher class), and (c) Skin tone and personality/behavioral traits. Findings revealed that African American girls reported contemporary colorism biases similar to those found among African American women, suggesting temporal and generational continuity.

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