Calibration and test of an aneroid mini-bomb combustion calorimeter

A novel nitrogen-containing alkylphosphinate salt—aluminium β-(p-nitrobenzamide) ethyl methyl phosphinate (AlNP) was synthesized and used to flame retard acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS). The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, 1 H, 13 C and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF) were applied to characterize the structure and composition of products. The flame retardancy performance, thermal properties and mechanical strength of the ABS/AlNP with respect to AlNP loading were investigated. AlNP was stable before 330°C and decomposed very slowly with residues high up to 56.1% at 700°C. Adding 25–30 wt% of AlNP alone can make ABS to pass V0 rating in the vertical burning tests (UL 94). The results according to the micro combustion calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis showed that AlNP can depress the heating release and retard the thermal degradation of the ABS. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the residues from LOI test indicated that AlNP formed the condensed and tough residues layer during combustion; XRF analysis showed that the residues contained phosphorus and aluminium element and nitrogen element was not detected. The compact phosphorus/aluminium-rich substance acted as a barrier to enhance flame-retardant properties of the ABS.

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Flammability and Thermal Degradation of Polystyrene/Cadmium Sulfate Nanocomposites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.820.84 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 820 ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

Zheng Zhou Wang ◽

Charles A. Wilkie

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Thermal Degradation ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Cds Nanoparticles ◽

Solvothermal Process ◽

Cadmium Sulfate ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Thermal Stability Of

Cadmin sulfate nanoparticles, hollow sphere (CdS-HS) and rode (CdS-NR) were synthesized by ultrasonic and solvothermal process, respectively. The effect of the two kinds of nanoparticles on flammability of polystyrene was investigated using cone calorimeter (Cone) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). Cone data indicate that the incorporation of 1% CdS nanoparticles leads to a about 20% reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to the pure PS; CdS-NR is more efficient in reducing the PHRR proved by both Cone and MCC results. The TG results show that the addition of the nanoparticles mainly increases thermal stability of PS at high temepratures.

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A microscale combustion calorimeter study of gas phase combustion of polymers

Combustion and Flame ◽

10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 162 (3) ◽

pp. 855-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Richard N. Walters ◽

Natallia Safronava ◽

Richard E. Lyon

Keyword(s):

Gas Phase ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

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Application of microscale combustion calorimeter to characterize protective properties of bovine leather

Koža & obuća ◽

10.34187/ko.68.4.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 14-17

Author(s):

Franka Žuvela Bošnjak ◽

Sandra Flinčec Grgac ◽

Suzana Mihanović

Keyword(s):

Fire Resistance ◽

Test Procedure ◽

Rate Capability ◽

Protective Role ◽

Resistance Test ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Technical Standards ◽

Two Samples ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

The quality and properties of fire resistance are crucial to the selection of leather for the production of protective fire fighting boots, which has a primarily protective role. During fire extinguishing it is exposed to extremely high and low temperatures, chemicals (acids and alkalis), mechanical loads, etc. The properties of fire resistance were tested on two samples of bovine leather (BL1, BL2). Burn resistance test has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical standards for the burn resistance test: HRN EN ISO 15090: 2012, t, 7.3 - Firefighters and rescue services. The mentioned two samples were individually tested according to HRN EN ISO 15025: 2003. The test procedure was carried out by the "Flame Expansion Testing Method". Moreover, in this research used Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) Govmark, UK because that was designed for produce the maximum heating rate capability similarly the heating rates in fires and give as a lot of flammability parameters. The analysis of physicochemical properties of samples was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the samples was studied using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The measurement of the above samples on MCC was performed according to ASTM D7309. From the obtained HRR results, it is evident that BL1 sample has a better thermal stability than the BL2 sample.

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Thermodynamic properties of 5-(2-nitrophenyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde and it’s derivatives in a condensed state

Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances ◽

10.23939/ctas2020.02.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

I. B. Sobechko ◽

◽

Yu. I. Gorak ◽

V. M. Dibrivnyi ◽

L. V. Goshko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Condensed State ◽

Calculation Methods ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

Using the precision bomb combustion calorimeter B-08-MA, the combustion energies of 5- (2- nitrophenyl) -furan-2-carbaldehyde, 5- (2-nitro-4-methylphenyl) -furan-2-carbaldehyde and 5- ( 2-nitro-4- oxymethylphenyl) -furan-2-carbaldehyde. Based on the obtained data, the values of enthalpies of combustion and formation of substances in the condensed state are calculated. A comparative analysis of experimentally determined values with theoretically calculated values by additive calculation methods is given.

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Flammability and Thermal Kinetic Analysis of UiO-66-Based PMMA Polymer Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4113

Author(s):

Ruiqing Shen ◽

Tian-Hao Yan ◽

Rong Ma ◽

Elizabeth Joseph ◽

Yufeng Quan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Mass Loss ◽

Polymer Composites ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Average Mass ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as novel flame retardants for polymers, which, typically, can improve their thermal stability and flame retardancy. However, there is a lack of specific studies on the thermal decomposition kinetics of MOF-based polymer composites, although it is known that they are important for the modeling of flaming ignition, burning, and flame spread over them. The thermal decomposition mechanisms of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been well investigated, which makes PMMA an ideal polymer to evaluate how fillers affect its decomposition process and kinetics. Thus, in this study, UiO-66, a common type of MOF, was embedded into PMMA to form a composite. Based on the results from the microscale combustion calorimeter, the values of the apparent activation energy of PMMA/UiO-66 composites were calculated and compared against those of neat PMMA. Furthermore, under cone calorimeter tests, UiO-66, at only 1.5 wt%, can reduce the maximum burning intensity and average mass loss rate of PMMA by 14.3% and 12.4%, respectively. By combining UiO-66 and SiO2 to form a composite, it can contribute to forming a more compact protective layer, which shows a synergistic effect on reducing the maximum burning intensity and average mass loss rate of PMMA by 22.0% and 14.7%, respectively.

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Some Key Factors Influencing the Flame Retardancy of EDA-DOPO Containing Flexible Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10101115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Agnieszka Przystas ◽

Milijana Jovic ◽

Khalifah Salmeia ◽

Daniel Rentsch ◽

Laurent Ferry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardancy ◽

High Speed ◽

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Key Factors ◽

Ul 94 ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Flexible Polyurethane ◽

Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Pu Foams

The role of various additives (emulsifier, anti-dripping agent) and formulation procedures (pre-dispersion of solid additives in polyol via milling) which influence the flame retardancy of 6,6′-[ethan-1,2-diylbis(azandiyl)]bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphin-6-oxid) (EDA-DOPO) containing flexible polyurethane foams has been investigated in this work. For comparison, the flame retardancy of two additional structurally-analogous bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based compounds, i.e., ethanolamine-DOPO (ETA-DOPO) and ethylene glycol-DOPO (EG-DOPO) were also evaluated together with EDA-DOPO in flexible PU foams of various formulations. The flame retardancy of these three bridged-DOPO compounds depends on the type of PU formulation. For certain PU formulations containing EDA-DOPO, lower fire performance was observed. Addition of emulsifier and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to these PU formulations influenced positively the flame retardancy of EDA-DOPO/PU foams. In addition, dispersion of EDA-DOPO and PTFE via milling in polyol improved the flame retardancy of the PU foams. Mechanistic studies performed using a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and its coupling to FTIR showed no difference in the combustion efficiency of the bridged-DOPO compounds in PU foams. From MCC experiments it can be concluded that these bridged-DOPO compounds and their decomposition products may work primarily in the gas phase as flame inhibitors. The physiochemical behavior of additives in PU formulation responsible for the improvement in the flame retardancy of PU foams was further investigated by studying the dripping behavior of the PU foams in the UL 94 HB test. A high-speed camera was used to study the dripping behavior in the UL 94 HB test and results indicate a considerable reduction of the total number of melt drips and flaming drips for the flame retardant formulations. This reduction in melt drips and flaming drips during the UL 94 HB tests help PU foams achieve higher fire classification.

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Flammability testing of wool/cellulosic and wool/synthetic fiber blends: Vertical flame spread and heat release results

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/0734904120954013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 522-551

Author(s):

Alexander B Morgan ◽

Mary L Galaska

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Spread ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Woven Fabric ◽

Synthetic Fiber ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Lower Heat ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

Wool is a natural fiber with lower heat release/flammability than some synthetic fabrics, but it has not been well studied for its heat release when other fibers such as cotton, linen, and nylon are present in the woven fabric. In this article, the heat release and vertical flame spread of six commercially available natural color fabrics is reported. This includes 100% wool, 80% wool/20% nylon, 70% wool/30% linen, 45% wool/55% cotton, and 40% wool/38% cotton/12% nylon/10% metallic thread fabric. Heat release was measured through cone calorimetry (ASTM E1354) as a function of the sample mounting method, through microscale combustion calorimetry (ASTM D7309), and flame spread was measured by ASTM D6413. The type of insulated backing used greatly affected the cone calorimeter results, and fabric types did show some effects in vertical flame spread and microscale combustion calorimeter testing.

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