Wastewater treatment in a rural region in China was undeveloped both in treatment capacity and legislation. The successful fast development of urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) demonstrated the importance of legislation, including discharge limits. However, most provinces, with as high as 79.8% of the rural population in China, released no specific local discharge limits. Newly issued top-designed nationwide policy in September of 2018 by central China government required all provinces to issue their local rural wastewater discharge limits before June 2019. For the first time, this research analyzed the requirements of the newly issued policy and their inconsistence with several existing provincial limits. It proposed flexible principles for determination of discharge limits under various conditions to improve the rural residential environment as a whole. This study also proposed the use of the ratio between wastewater treatment cost and life expense to describe economic burden. Economic burden calculation for wastewater treatment in rural and urban regions was established respectively. Based on three conditions described in the new policy, the average burden for all urban residents was estimated as 0.122 ± 0.038% of the total life expense. In comparison, average nationwide rural burden was 0.087 ± 0.035% and 0.564 ± 0.196% for condition I (Total nitrogen(TN)/total phosphorus(TP) for resource recovery) and condition III (TN/TP for pollutant removal), respectively. It was also revealed that a stringent rural discharge limit lead to a Gini value as high as 0.38, indicting policy-related subsidies for rural residents should be carefully considered to ensure a balanced burden. Local discharge limit legislation and suitable financial policy is expected to promote rural wastewater treatment in China in the near future.
A Modified Bio-Ecological Process for Rural Wastewater Treatment
