Individuals and dyads in a multiple-cue judgment task: Cognitive processes and performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Carin Olsson ◽  
Peter Juslin ◽  
Henrik Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Characterizing Bilingual Effects on Cognition: The Search for Meaningful Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Kristina C. Backer ◽  
Heather Bortfeld
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Movement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

A debate over the past decade has focused on the so-called bilingual advantage—the idea that bilingual and multilingual individuals have enhanced domain-general executive functions, relative to monolinguals, due to competition-induced monitoring of both processing and representation from the task-irrelevant language(s). In this commentary, we consider a recent study by Pot, Keijzer, and de Bot (2018), which focused on the relationship between individual differences in language usage and performance on an executive function task among multilingual older adults. We discuss their approach and findings in light of a more general movement towards embracing complexity in this domain of research, including individuals’ sociocultural context and position in the lifespan. The field increasingly considers interactions between bilingualism/multilingualism and cognition, employing measures of language use well beyond the early dichotomous perspectives on language background. Moreover, new measures of bilingualism and analytical approaches are helping researchers interrogate the complexities of specific processing issues. Indeed, our review of the bilingualism/multilingualism literature confirms the increased appreciation researchers have for the range of factors—beyond whether someone speaks one, two, or more languages—that impact specific cognitive processes. Here, we highlight some of the most salient of these, and incorporate suggestions for a way forward that likewise encompasses neural perspectives on the topic.

Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152098549
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

Cognitive Reflection Task and Stumpers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Ross ◽  
Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Shed Light

There is a type of riddle that Bar-Hillel, Noah and Frederick (2018) call “stumpers”. A stumper is a riddle which is initially intractable because the mental model or representation of the situation described in the riddle does not contain the vital information which is required to solve it. The Cognitive Reflection Task (CRT; Frederick, 2005) on the other hand relies on seemingly completely different cognitive processes. However, exploratory work from Bar-Hillel et al. (2019) suggests that success on stumpers correlates with performance on the CRT. This finding may shed light on the cognitive processes underlying both the resolution of stumpers and the CRT. We replicated the work from Bar-Hillel et al. (2019) suggesting a relationship between performance on the CRT and performance on stumpers as well as extending this to show a relationship between performance on the CRT-v. This may point to the underexplored importance of suppression in solving stumpers and traditional riddles.

Achievement in School in Relation to Simultaneous and Sequential Cognitive Processes among Young Egyptian Students

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadia Z. Elwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Simultaneous Synthesis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reading Decoding

The present study was designed to examine whether a relationship exists between scores on simultaneous and sequential cognitive processes, on one hand, and performance on the Reading Decoding and Arithmetic subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K–ABC), on the other hand, using a sample of 170 Egyptian school children in Grades 1, 3, and 5. To examine the differential magnitudes of the relationship between scores for cognitive processing and school achievement a two by two (simultaneous × sequential) analysis of variance was calculated with reading decoding and arithmetic scores as dependent variables. The results indicated that cognitive processing, especially simultaneous synthesis, is related to arithmetic as well as decoding during reading. Scores on sequential processing were not significantly related to scores for decoding reading and may not be important as simultaneous processing for mathematical skills. The findings were interpreted in the context of the Arabic orthographic system and in view of the nature of the cognitive and mathematical tasks employed in this study.

Relaxation and Recovery in Sport and Performance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Pelka ◽  
Michael Kellmann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Recovery Stress ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recovery From Work ◽  
Stress States ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

The sport and performance environment is highly demanding for its actors. Therefore, recovery from work and sports requires special attention. Without adequate recovery, optimal performance is not attainable. It depends, however, on the individual what adequate recovery actually is. An extremely demanding event for someone may not be as demanding for someone else. Every individual perceives his or her environment differently and therefore has to choose his or her response or prevention strategy accordingly. Monitoring one’s recovery-stress states might be a promising starting point to establish individual baselines and further regulate training or work intensities. Relaxation in terms of implementing systematic relaxation techniques seems to be an adequate approach. These techniques can be divided into muscle-to-mind and mind-to-muscle techniques focusing either on the training of one’s sensitivity to muscle tension or on the cognitive processes involved in relaxation. Whether the recovery process is finally successful depends on if the chosen methods fit the purpose of recovery (i.e., response to cognitive or physical demands), the setting/circumstance (i.e., time and place), and how comfortable one feels with the specific recovery strategy.

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE LOAD ON PERFORMANCE IN ENGINEERING DESIGN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2761-2770
Author(s):  
Christoph Zimmerer ◽  
Sven Matthiesen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Online Study ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe objective evaluation of empirical studies is an important part when assessing demand and validating design methods. However, metrics that can also map cognitive processes during design are still lacking. In order to address this problem, an online study with 12 participants was conducted. The aim of this investigation was to find a relation between cognitive load and performance in engineering design tasks. To assess the cognitive load, the NASA-RTLX questionnaire was used as an established measurement tool and was related to the results achieved by the participants. The results show that there is a correlation between the two investigated parameters. Based on a statistical analysis a correlation between increasing cognitive load and a decrease in performance could be identified. The tasks used produce comparable results to other studies investigating cognitive load, but the task causing the highest cognitive load shows the widest scatter in performance. The u-curve as suggested by the state of the art was not visible in the study’s results, but the cognitive load should be nevertheless used for studies of design processes, because it may reveal a need for methodical support.

scholarly journals Idiomatic Patterns and Aesthetic Influence in Computer Music Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McPherson ◽  
Koray Tahıroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Music ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Music Programming ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Relationship

It is widely accepted that acoustic and digital musical instruments shape the cognitive processes of the performer on both embodied and conceptual levels, ultimately influencing the structure and aesthetics of the resulting performance. In this article we examine the ways in which computer music languages might similarly influence the aesthetic decisions of the digital music practitioner, even when those languages are designed for generality and theoretically capable of implementing any sound-producing process. We examine the basis for querying the non-neutrality of tools with a particular focus on the concept of idiomaticity: patterns of instruments or languages which are particularly easy or natural to execute in comparison to others. We then present correspondence with the developers of several major music programming languages and a survey of digital musical instrument creators examining the relationship between idiomatic patterns of the language and the characteristics of the resulting instruments and pieces. In an open-ended creative domain, asserting causal relationships is difficult and potentially inappropriate, but we find a complex interplay between language, instrument, piece and performance that suggests that the creator of the music programming language should be considered one party to a creative conversation that occurs each time a new instrument is designed.

Audit Documentation Methods: A Path Model of Cognitive Processing, Memory, and Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Payne ◽  
Robert J. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Public Company ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Detection And Recognition

One result of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standard No. 3 Audit Documentation (AS No. 3) (PCAOB 2004) is that audit firms are using more detailed audit workpapers and fewer summary memos to document their procedures. We explore implications of the choice of these two documentation methods. Specifically, we develop and test a model showing how different forms of documentation affect the cognitive processes auditors use during audit testing, and how differences in cognitive processing affect auditors' memory and two performance measures (error detection and recognition of a potentially fraudulent pattern in the evidence). The results of path analysis show auditors who prepare detailed workpapers spend more total time on the task, and total time is associated with identifying more errors and better pattern recognition. Auditors who prepare summary memos examine the evidence items a greater number of times, which is associated with better pattern recognition and increased memory. The overall result is that each method enhances cognitive processing differently and the manner of cognitive processing affects performance measures differently. Documentation by summary memos is more efficient and results in better memory of the evidence. Documentation by detailed workpapers results in better error detection for one type of error and permits a self-review of documented evidence by the preparer, which enhances pattern recognition. Finally, documentation by detailed workpapers provides evidence that may potentially enhance pattern recognition at the reviewer level.

scholarly journals Estudio del conocimiento procedimental, experiencia y rendimiento, en jóvenes jugadores de voleibol (Study of procedural knowledge, experience and performance in young volleyball players)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Carmen Fernández-Echeverría ◽  
Alberto Moreno Arroyo ◽  
Alexander Gil Arias ◽  
Fernando Claver Rabaz ◽  
M. Perla Moreno Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Post Hoc

El propósito del estudio fue analizar el conocimiento procedimental, en función de la experiencia y el rendimiento, en jóvenes jugadores de voleibol de categoría cadete. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por un total de 301 jugadores y jugadoras de voleibol, de categoría cadete, con edades comprendidas entre 14-16 años. Dichos jugadores correspondían a los 32 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España de Selecciones Autonómicas de 2011. Las variables independientes fueron el rendimiento, y la experiencia en práctica federada. La variable dependiente fue el conocimiento procedimental, medido a través del cuestionario elaborado y validado por Moreno (2006). Los resultados, a través de la prueba post-hoc de Tukey, mostraron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento procedimental en función de la experiencia y el rendimiento. Además, un análisis de correlación mostró una relación lineal y significativa entre las variables experiencia en práctica federada y conocimiento procedimental. Dichos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de la experiencia para el desarrollo del conocimiento procedimental en deportes de equipo, en los cuales las exigencias tácticas poseen una gran relevancia. Por ello, es recomendable continuar realizando estudios que permitan relacionar diferentes tipos, contextos y niveles de práctica deportiva con los aspectos cognitivos de los deportistas, con el fin de aportar pautas que orienten el proceso de formación deportiva.Palabras claves: procesos cognitivos, etapas de formación, experiencia, voleibol.Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the procedural knowledge, based on experience and performance, in young volleyball players. The sample consisted of 301 Under-16, volleyball players. They belonged to the 32 teams participating in the Spanish Championship of Regional Selections in the 2011 season. The independent variables were performance and experience in federative practice. The dependent variable was procedural knowledge, it was measured by the questionnaire developed and validated by Moreno (2006). The results, through post-hoc test of Tukey, showed significant differences in procedural knowledge, based on experience and performance. Also a correlation analysis showed a significant linear relationship between experience in federated practice and procedural knowledge was founded. These results highlight the importance of experience for the development of procedural knowledge in team sports. It also emphasize the importance of experience for the development of procedural knowledge in team sports, in which the tactical requirements have great relevance. Thus, it is recommended to continue doing studies that connect different types, levels and contexts of practice with the cognitive aspects of athletes, in order to provide guidelines to lead the process of sports training.Keywords: cognitive processes, training stages, experience, performance, volleyball.

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