scholarly journals Effect of hay soaking duration on metabolizable energy, total and prececal digestible crude protein and amino acids, non-starch carbohydrates, macronutrients and trace elements

2021 ◽  
pp. 103452
Author(s):  
M. Bochnia ◽  
C. Pietsch ◽  
M. Wensch-Dorendorf ◽  
M. Greef ◽  
A. Zeyner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

Correlations of protein deposited in growing female pigs to ileal and faecal digestible crude protein and amino acids

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Just ◽  
Henry Jørgensen ◽  
JoséA. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

The health and performance of cows fed large amounts of urea

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royce J. Treacher ◽  
Anthony J. Stark ◽  
Keith A. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Degradable Protein

SUMMARYFrom 6 weeks before calving to the end of lactation 2 groups of 8 cows were fed a ration incorporating a dairy nut containing 29 g/kg urea or an isocaloric isonitrogenous nut containing fish-meal and groundnut. During the 18 weeks after calving, concentrates were fed to appetite. 305-d yields of milk (7023 and 5796 kg) and lactose (345.7 and 273.4 kg) were significantly lower in the urea-fed cows (P< 0·05). Intakes of dry matter, metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein were similar in both groups until 18 weeks after calving when feeding according to yield commenced, but by 6 weeks after calving the urea-fed cows lost only 5% of their immediate post-calving weight compared with 7% in the controls. There was no evidence of ammonia toxicity in the urea-fed cows. Blood glucose concentrations were similar in both groups, but higher serum urea concentrations in the urea-fed cows suggested that there was poor utilization of ingested N. A model proposed by Royet al.(1977) has been used to calculate the requirements of rumen-degradable protein and undegraded protein (UDP) of the 2 groups from their energy intakes and milk yields. Between 4 and 11 weeks post-calving, dietary requirement for UDP closely matched intake of UDP. It is concluded that UDP intake was a major factor in determining the peak milk yield. Mechanisms by which the degradability of the dietary protein might influence milk yield are discussed.

The effect of plane of nutrition in early lactation on the performance of beef cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
R. A. Edwards ◽  
S. H. Somerville ◽  
G. M. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

ABSTRACTTwenty-one mature autumn-calving Blue Grey cows were divided into three groups for a 3-year change-over experiment, and each group was allocated to one of three planes of nutrition for the first 150 days of lactation during each year. Milk yields were recorded by machine milking twice daily. The three planes of nutrition corresponded to 1·63, 1·21 and 0·89 of the cow's maintenance allowance 12 h post partum. Increasing the plane of nutrition significantly (P<0·05) increased 150-day cumulative milk yield, but had no significant effect on milk composition. The extent of live-weight loss decreased significantly (P<0·001) as plane of nutrition increased and was reflected in cows maintaining better condition, measured as condition score, through the experimental period.The small 150-day cumulative milk yield response (32·8 kg per additional 10 MJ metabolizable energy and 62 g digestible crude protein/day) demonstrated the limitation of feeding beef cows for increased milk production in comparison with feeding the calf directly. However, the possible relationship between plane of nutrition, live-weight loss and fertility suggests an important limitation of under-feeding cows during the mating period. Within the constraints imposed, the medium treatment (64 MJ metabolizable energy and 516 g digestible crude protein/day) resulted in levels of cow performance similar to those currently recorded in commercial units. One of the major constraints in the present investigation was the high level of body reserves available in the cows at the start of lactation.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of wonderful kola (Bucchlozia coriacea) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seeds grown in south–south, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
MO Aremu ◽  
DB Passali ◽  
H Ibrahim ◽  
RO Akinyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The proximate and amino acid compositions of Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition (%) for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were: Moisture (5.91 and 5.67); ash (4.39 and 5.13); crude fat (4.42 and 2.76); crude protein (12.27 and 14.78); crude fibre (7.10 and 6.27); carbohydrate (65.91 and 65.39). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were 3.54 and 2.21 %; 1492.60 and 1465.01 kJ/100 g, respectively. The most abundant minerals in Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia were potassium (658.42 and 369.64 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (382.55 and 261.38 mg/100 g), respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His) were 31.14 and 34.40 g/100 g crude protein for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was Met + Cys (TSAA) for all the samples and calculated isoeletric points (ρl) were 3.52 and 4.05 for Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea, respectively.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(2), 125-132, 2018

Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. II.* The effects of independent alterations in total nitrogen and total essential amino acid intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg were infusedper abomasum with milk-based diets containing 259, 209 or 175 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter. The proportion of crude protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) was also varied, to provide diets containing 414, 512 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. This allowed an estimation of the effects of independent alterations in total EAA intake and total nitrogen intake on rates of liveweight gain, and on daily nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy intake. At a given proportion of EAA in crude protein, reductions in the EAA intake reduced the rate of liveweight gain, especially when diets contained 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. At constant EAA intake, rates of liveweight gain were reduced when the nitrogen intake was such that the dietary proportion of EAA departed from 512 g/kg CP. Responses in nitrogen balance were similar to those in liveweight gain except that, at constant EAA intake, increases in nitrogen intake improved nitrogen balance. All nitrogen balance responses were less pronounced than liveweight gain responses. Lambs given diets containing 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP had lower metabolizable energy intakes. This was not due to reduced metabolizability of apparently digested energy, but to differences in apparently digested energy intake. The relative effects of nitrogen intake and the proportion of crude protein supplied as EAA, on liveweight gain and nitrogen balance are assessed by using three-dimensional representations of the responses. ___________________ Part I,Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 917 (1977).

Soya bean meal, crystalline urea, and a urea, mineral and vitamin solution as nitrogen sources for lactating ewes given whole oats

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Jean M. Bass ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFifty-one ewes with single lambs and 87 ewes suckling twin lambs (mean ewe live weight, 67 kg) were given a basal diet of 1·0kg hay and 1·0kg whole oats, providing approximately 16·7MJ metabolizable energy and lOOg digestible crude protein per day. Three supplements (A, B and C), providing an additional 45 g digestible crude protein, were compared. Supplement A consisted of 40 g of a fully-soluble liquid product (LS) containing urea, (equivalent to 1090g crude protein per kg), minerals and vitamins; B was 16g urea with solid minerals and vitamins; and C was 125g soya bean meal given in substitution for the same amount of whole oats plus solid minerals and vitamins. The growth rate to 6 weeks for single lambs (11 kg) was unaffected by treatment. For twin lambs the growth rates were 7·5kg (LS), 7·1kg (crystalline urea), 7·8kg (soya) and 6·4k g (unsupplemented) (s.e. of mean = 0·31 kg). Ewes with twin lambs given crystalline urea or LS lost more live weight (approximately 1·04kg) than those given soya (6·6kg) over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The maintenance of normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of ewes suggested that the low total intakes of approximately 4·1 g calcium and 4·7 g phosphorus by the ewes were not inadequate.

3.1 The Nitrogen Supplied by and the Supplementation of Fresh or Grazed Forage

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Supply

Forage contributes between 70 and 80% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and in excess of 70% of the protein consumed by ruminant livestock in the U.K. (Baker and Wilkins, 1975). The contribution from forage to the energy and protein consumed is highest for sheep and lowest for dairy cattle. For all classes of stock in the U.K., a major proportion of the nitrogen (N) or crude protein (CP) consumed is obtained from fresh or grazed forage.Research with fresh forage, both nutritional and production work, has been faced with the difficulty of measuring or estimating food intake by the animal while grazing. The measurement of protein supply from fresh or grazed forage is further made difficult as flow measurements throughout the alimentary tract are required. For forage, as with other foods given to ruminants, estimates of the supply of N or protein available to the animal are obtained from measurements of flow from the stomach or into the proximal duodenum and at the terminal ileum. The difference between these two flow rates, the disappearance of N, NAN (non-ammonia N) or AAN (amino acid N), is taken as the apparent absorption or supply of protein from the food. Values may be obtained for individual amino acids or for total amino acid N (TAAN).

scholarly journals Evaluation of the chemical composition of dry dogfoods commercialized in Chile used for growing dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Alvarado ◽  
S.M. Hodgkinson ◽  
D. Alomar ◽  
D. Boroschek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Nutrient Profiles

The nutritional quality of dry dogfood commercialized in Chile for growing dogs was studied. Samples from at least three different batches of 26 dogfood brands were mixed. The resultant samples (n=26) were chemically analyzed to determine their concentrations of dry matter (DM), gross energy, fiber, ash, crude protein, essential amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid and minerals. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of each sample was estimated using modified atwater factors. The results from the chemical analyses were compared with the nutrient profiles published by the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Dogfoods that were found to contain an estimated ME of over 4,000kcal/kg DM were corrected for their high energy density before comparison. All of the dogfoods contained adequate levels of protein, total fat, linoleic acid, iron, copper, manganese and selenium. The concentration of tryptophan was adequate in 92.3% of the samples. All of the other essential amino acids were present in adequate quantities. However, the situation was different for many of the minerals. Only 92.3% of the dogfoods contained an adequate Ca:P ratio. A total of 96.2% of the dogfoods contained an adequate level of Ca, 96.2% for P, 96.2% for Mg, 92.3% for I, 88.5% for Cl, 80.8% for Na, 80.8% for Zn and only 34.6% were adequate for K content. Overall, only 23% of the dogfoods evaluated in this study fulfilled all of the requirements established by the AAFCO in terms of their content of crude protein, amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid, and minerals. It appears that the majority of the dogfoods evaluated in this study (77%) would not satisfy all nutritional requirements of the growing dog.

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